Health maintenance organizations HMOs

Cynthia Marshall is a pharmacist who works at a closed-staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) pharmacy. Pharmacists at this clinic have access to patient charts that can be used to supplement information given by the patient to the pharmacy staff and what is written... 

During the second phase of pharmacy practice, health care within the U.S. experienced changes in capabilities, regulations, and financing, from the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to the creation of the first health maintenance organization (HMO). 

It is estimated that over 20 billion are spent each year on visits to alternative practitioners. Sixty percent of patients pay all of these costs out-of-pocket, with only 20%i of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and third-party payers supplementing at least some of these health care costs. It is also estimated that 1-5 billion are spent on herbal supplements per year, and interestingly, less than 5%i of patients who use herbals report that they bought those products in a pharmacy.f ... 

Figure 55.1 1997 Health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollment by model type. [Adapted from Hoechst Marion Roussel, 1998.]...

Sales to hospitals and drugstores account for the majority of, but not all, ethical pharmaceutical sales in the United States. Staff-model health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and mail-... 

About 2.4 percent of the market is made up of staff-model health maintenance organizations (HMO), which probably switch to generics much faster than the general community pharmacy market once generics are available. The overestimate of the injectable and infusible market compensates to an unknown degree for the failure of the IMS data to account for sales to these kinds of HMOs. 

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