HCS Systems

NOTE Alternately, you may want to try using a Tin/HC system which will give an equivalent yield in a much shorter time with the disadvantage that Tin is a much more expensive metal. The balanced equation for the reduction follows ... 

High-throughput automated imaging systems, also sometimes referred to as high content screening (HCS) systems, enable the study of specific cell types within a mixed population of cells (Giuliano, 1997). Some primary cell types are dependent on interactions with other cell types, making their cultivation in isolation impossible, at least at the present time. Even when primary cells are not dependent on interactions with other cell types, primary cell preparations are almost never 100% pure, which could potentially lead to problems in assay quality and reproducibility. Systems such... 

The use of HCS systems for HTS is typically limited by either speed or resolution. For scanning systems, the reason for this relationship is relatively straightforward, since the resolution is directly correlated with the scan density the more scans, the longer it takes to read a plate. For microscopy systems, the relationship still holds, because the number of cells that can be studied per field decreases as the magnification increases. In addition, greater acuity of the focus is required at higher resolution. 

The use of HCS systems for lead optimization is generally limited more by resolution than by speed, since the number of compounds studied is smaller. However, even in lead optimization, speed can be a significant limitation and should not be discounted entirely. For the greatest resolution, microscopy-based systems are generally preferred over scanning systems. 

The decision of which HCS system to purchase should really be dominated by comparing the trade-offs among the ability of the software to interpret image features as relevant biological events, the time required to develop an assay, the optical resolution, the throughput, and the balance of cost/reliability/service. It is impossible to optimize for all of these axes simultaneously, and therefore, different systems have prioritized different features. 

There are many other factors that should be considered when picking an HCS system. In particular, software ease of use is paramount. When assessing ease of use, consider the ease of assay development, the flexibility of the picking cell populations and responses, whether the software architecture is open or closed, and the availability of... 

Given factors discnssed above, the choice of HCS system shonld probably be driven by software qnality, then resolution and speed. Once the list is narrowed, qnality of service, data storage facility, cost, ability to be automated, and reliability need to be factored into the final decision. 

Propane Formation. Previous workers who report mechanisms for the formation of C3H8 (20, 28, 30, 44) invoke neutral-neutral reactions. From our results (Table III) these reactions account for only one-third of the C3H8 while two-thirds are caused by reactions involving CH/, CH3 and CH2+ (Table V). Recent work (2, 15, 37, 45, 47) in simple HC systems has demonstrated that the contribution of excited states of reactant ions to ion-molecule reactions cannot be neglected. Similar considerations are true for radical-radical and radical-molecule reactions (16). We postulate the following ion-molecule reaction involving CH4+. ... 

Ishihara et al (1991) designed a different method. The use of a suction filter unit and a reservoir tank that is constantly stirred enables the removal of the lignin-rich build-up. The hydrolysis products can then be removed by an ultrafiltration membrane unit. According to Henley et al (1980), the efficiency of the hydrolysis process can be improved by the addition of a ultrafiltration membrane stirred cell or a hollow-fibre cartridge into the CSTR-UF and CSTR-HC systems. 

The first cultivar Elmer released after leaving the University of Minnesota was St. Croix (E.S. 283 x E.S. 193) (Figure 17.1(a) Table 17.1) in 1981. St. Croix was named after the beautiful St. Croix River that forms the border between Minnesota and Wisconsin. St. Croix has proven to be a successful red wine cultivar, with some of the best examples coming from Connecticut and Minnesota. Growers generally pick St. Croix slightly before full maturity to avoid the potential development of off aromas. The soluble solids and acidity levels are both fairly low. The vine is easy to manage on a HC system, but it does have a tendency to get downy mildew in some years. Maturity is quite early, so it ripens dependably in short season areas. 

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