Hollow fibre cartridge

Some results of plutonium oxidation-state analysis carried out on samples of Lake Trawsfynydd water which had been passed through different sizes of hollow-fibre cartridge are shown in Fig. 13.7 where it can be seen that over 90% of the plutonium which passed through the 3 k molecular weight nominal cut-off... 

Ishihara et al (1991) designed a different method. The use of a suction filter unit and a reservoir tank that is constantly stirred enables the removal of the lignin-rich build-up. The hydrolysis products can then be removed by an ultrafiltration membrane unit. According to Henley et al (1980), the efficiency of the hydrolysis process can be improved by the addition of a ultrafiltration membrane stirred cell or a hollow-fibre cartridge into the CSTR-UF and CSTR-HC systems. 

P-D-Fructofuranosidase has been immobilized, with retention of activity, by an ionic reaction with a guanidino derivative of cellulose, by adsorption onto ion-exchange resins and various activated mineral and mineralized supports, by entrapment in gels prepared from dimethylacrylamide or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate,and by inclusion inside hollow-fibre cartridges. P-o-Fructofurano-sidase has also been coupled with succinylated and immobilized concanavalin A this activated form of the enzyme gave an active, soluble, immobilized conjugate with urease. ... 

Hollow fibre systems are availabe from Amicon Corp., or BioRad Laboratories based on the semipermeable membranes used in dialysis and concentration cells. Alternatively the Opticel system is based on 1 mm2 pores in a ceramic cartridge. 

The availability of membranes of very small cylindrical size, the so-called hollow fibres used in artificial kidney cartridges, thus provided a great impulse to the development of this technique, and much of the original research work was done by Ungerstedt. He implanted hollow fibres into rat brains in order to mimic the function of blood vessels [4] since then, this simple microdialysis probe has been markedly improved [5-8]. A vast number of different designs have appeared [9-14] resulting in probes that, because of their narrow cylindrical shape, can be handled like a needle and easily implanted into brain and many other tissues. 

Not only does the bulk chemical industry employ all of the membrane separation processes, but partly because of that, the sector gives home also to all of the various physical embodiments of membranes flat sheets, plate and frame, pleated cartridges, tubular, hollow fibre, capillary module, and spiral w ound. More particularly, this end Use sector has considerable demaitd for membranes able to resist high temperature or highly corrosive fluids, such that metallic membranes and ceramic materials, especially of the monolith type w ith parallel cylindrical chambers, are w idely used. 

Design of hollow fibre, plates and fiame and spiral cartridge nhrafiltration modules (Ostermann, 1982)... 

If a low-secreting cell line is the best available and the antibody is important, the only option is to grow a large quantity of cells and to concentrate the culture supernatant before further processing. These objectives can both be accomplished in a hollow fibre fermenter. Alternatively, supernatant from conventional cultures can be concentrated in a variety of devices. Hollow fibre kidney dialysis cartridges are particularly convenient, being reliable, free from endotoxin, easy to use, and cheap. 

The filtration apparatus was composed of a feed tank, a pump, an ultrafiltration cartridge and pressure gauges for feed, reteiitate and permeate. The membranes (table I) were polysulfone (Polymem and Pall) or cellulose acetate (Amicon) with a molecular weight cut-off ranging between 1 kDa and 50 kDa. The module was a flat sheet cassette (Pall) or hollow fibres (Amicon and Polymem). 

It is very important to remove suspended solid particles ahead of membrane processes, especially those using hollow fibre or spiral wound modules, or the particles are likely to block the narrow flow passages. For large flow rates, a suitable filter for this purpose would be a deep bed filter, whereas for smaller flows, polishing cartridges with pleated or thick media can be used. 

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