Harmful algal blooms eutrophication

Anderson, D.M., Glibert, P.M., and Burkholder, J.M. (2002) Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25, 704-726. 

Paerl, H.W. (1997) Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms Importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as new nitrogen and other nutrient sources. Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 42, 1154—1165. 

Paerl, H. W., and WhitaU, D. R. (1999). AnthropogenicaUy-derived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine eutrophication and harmful algal bloom expansion Is there a hnk Ambio 28, 307—311. 

Graneli, E. (2004). Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. In Drainage Basin Nutrient Imputs and Eutrophication An Integrated Approach (Wassmann, P., and OUi, K., eds.). Electronic-Book (pdf file). http //www.ut.ee/ oUi/eutr. pp. 49-62. 

GHbert, P., Seitzinger, S., Heil, C., Burkholder, J., Parrow, M., Codispoti, L., and Kelly, V. (2005b). The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography 18, 198—209. 

Eutrophication in a system can further decrease silica availability as it is deposited with diatoms and stored in bottom sediments, as demonstrated in the Baltic Sea. The decrease in silica availability, particularly if accompanied by increases in nitrogen, may encourage the formation of some blooms of harmful algae as competition with diatoms is decreased (NRC, 1993). For all cases where long term data sets are available on silica availability in coastal waters, a decrease in silica availability relative to nitrogen or phosphorus has been correlated with an increase in harmful algal blooms. 

The toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms was originally brought to the attention of scientists through reports of animal poisonings by farmers and veterinarians. The first well-documented case was reported in Australia in 1878 [13] ( 40.1). Since then, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been reported worldwide, this is atributed to several factors, primarily eutrophication and climate change... 

The mining of phosphate rock (mostly from terrestrially emplaced marine phosphorite deposits) for use as agricultural fertilizer has increased dramatically in the latter half of this century (F72). In addition to fertilizer use, deforestation, increased cultivation, urban and industrial waste disposal all have enhanced phosphorus transport from terrestrial to aquatic systems, often with deleterious results. For example, elevated phosphorus concentrations in rivers resulting from these activities have resulted in eutrophication in some lakes and coastal areas, stimulating nuisance algal blooms and promoting hypoxic or anoxic conditions harmful or lethal to natural populations (e.g., Caraco, 1995 Fisher et al., 1995 Melack, 1995). 

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