Hake effect

Hake Effect. Some industrial explosives, even when made of normal consistency, are subject under certain conditions to a change in storage, by which they become very insensitive. Quinan (Ref) called this the Hake Effect in honor of C. Napier Hake, the late Inspector of Explosives for the State of Victoria, Australia... 

Stewart RD, Hake CL, Le Brun Al, et al. 1974a. Effects of trichloroethylene on behavioral performance capabilities. In Xintaras C, Johnson BE, Groot 1, eds. HEW Publication no. (NIOSH) 74-126. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington DC, 96-129. 

Fatalities have been associated with acute or prolonged exposure to dichloromethane (Moskowitz Shapiro, 1952 Ku elova et al., 1975 Stewart Hake, 1976 Bonventre etal., 1977 Bakinson Jones, 1985 Manno etal., 1989). Temporary neurobehavioural effects have been reported after exposure to doses as low as 200 ppm [694 mg/m ] by some (Winnekke, 1974 Putz et al., 1976) but not by others (Gamberale et al., 1975). 

Careche, M., Herrero, A.M., Rodriguez-Casado, M.L., Del Mazo, M.L., and Carmona, P. 1999. Structural changes of hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) fillets Effects of freezing and frozen storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47 952-959. 

Owusu-Ansah, Y.L. and Hultin, H.O. 1987. Effect of in situ formaldehyde production on solubility and cross-linking of proteins of minced red hake muscle during frozen storage. Journal of Food Biochemistry 11 17-39. 

Autolytic activities in tissues can have a significant effect on the yields of proteins in the preparation of concentrates from animal and plant tissues. Koury et al. (29) observed that fish flesh and viscera contain highly active proteolytic enzymes. In preparing solvent-extracted FPC from hake, these workers observed that if the fish was held for 20 min at 50°C at a pH of 5.5, the yield of FPC decreased ca. 9%. Apparently the endogenous proteolytic enzymes in fish hydrolyze the... 

Candela, M., Astiasaran, L, and Bello, J., 1997, Effects of frying and warmholding on fatty acids and cholesterol of sole Solea solea), codfish Gadus morrhua) and hake Merlucicius merluccius). Food Chem., 58, 227. 

Inhalation of its vapors at high concentrations, above 1% (by volume in air), conld be hazardous to human health. A concentration of 3.5-6.5% could produce an anesthetic effect respiratory arrest may occnr above this concentration (Hake and Rowe... 

Hake and Stewart (1977) describe a study in which four male volunteers were exposed to concentrations of 0, 20, 100, and 150 ppm tetrachloroethylene for 7.5 hours/day. Exposure at each concentration lasted for 5 days. Subjective evaluation of electroencephalogiaphic scores suggested cortical depression in subjects exposed to 100 ppm. Coordination, as measured by the Flanagan coordination test, was significantly decreased at some time points during exposure to 100 or 150 ppm. No effects on flash visual-evoked responses, equilibrium tests, math skills, time discrimination, and reaction times were noted. 

In contrast to the Hake and Stewart (1977) study, Altmaim et al. (1990) found a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in latency of pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials in 10 male volunteers exposed to tetrachloroethylene at 50 ppm for 4 hours/day for 4 days, relative to 12 subjects exposed at 10 ppm. No effects on brainstem auditory-evoked potentials were noted. Tests of visual contrast measured in a few individuals showed a tendency for loss of contrast in the low and intermediate spatial frequencies at 50 ppm. In this study, measurements were also completed the day before exposure so each individual served as his own control. The 10-ppm group was considered the control group, and this concentration was used because it is well above the odor threshold of tetrachloroethylene so that there was at least an attempt to blind the subjects to the exposure concentrations. Blood tetrachloroethylene concentrations were measured before, in the middle, and at the end of each day s exposure, and an association between the effect on pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials and blood tetrachloroethylene concentrations was observed (p<0.03). The lack of effect on flash visual-evoked potentials in the Hake and Stewart (1977) study at concentrations up to 100 ppm compared to an effect on pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials at 50 ppm in the Altmann et al. (1990) study may reflect the greater inter- and intrasubject variability of waveforms for flash visual-evoked potentials (Otto et al. 1988). 

Cardiovascular Effects. H5 otension was reported in a male laundry worker found lying in a pool of tetrachloroethylene (Hake and Stewart 1977). In this case, the worker was exposed to tetrachloroethylene by both inhalation and dermal routes of exposure, and the exact contribution of dermal exposure is unknown. The patient fully recovered from the effects of tetrachloroethylene. 

Hepatic Effects. Tetrachloroethylene has been shown to cause hepatotoxic effects in humans following inhalation exposure (Brodkin et al. 1995 Hake and Stewart 1977 Meckler and Phelps 1966 Saland 1967)... 

Renal Effects. Reversible kidney damage has been reported in humans accidentally exposed to acutely toxic amounts of tetrachloroethylene vapors (Hake and Stewart 1977). There are also data that suggest that occupational exposure to hydrocarbon solvents as a class may contribute to chronic renal disease (Kluwe et al. 1984). Subtle renal perturbations have been detected in studies of chronically exposed workers in dry cleaning workshops (Franchini et al. 1983 Mutti et al. 1992 Price et al. 1995 Vyskocil et al. 1990). Mutti et al. (1992) suggested that the observed effects indicated increased shedding of epithelial membrane components from tubular cells, which could be a physiological adaption to exposure or could be an early state of clinically silent renal disease. 

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