Hair-setting products

Temporary hair colorants are removed from the hair by a single shampoo. Temporary hair colorants usually employ certified dyes that have tittle affinity for hair (see Table 9). They are incorporated into aqueous solutions, shampoos, or hair-setting products. 

Neutral and acidic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with vinyl acetate, and copolymers of methyl vinyl ether with half esters of maleic anhydride, are all used in hair styling and hair setting products. 

The original hair spray lacquers of the 1950s were more difficult to remove from hair than the anionic and neutral polymers of today s hair-setting products. However, no systematic study of the ease or difficulty in removing these ingredients from hair could be found in the scientific literature. Gloor [46] has examined the influence of hair spray on reoiling however, no systematic study of the effects of hair spray on the ease of removal of hair lipid has been reported. 

Many of these methods are also used to develop and evaluate hair-setting products and mousses. Very recently, Lang and Sendelback [67] reviewed a large number of test methods for the evaluation of hairspray polymers and products. One of their primary conclusions was that, although several interesting and useful methods have been introduced into the scientific literature for fixative polymer evaluation, the well-known curl retention test is still the fastest and most accurate method for obtaining useful information about the holding properties of hairspray polymers. 

Use Concentration < 1 % in skin care products 2-5% in hair-setting products 1—4% in hairsprays... 

Many different formulations have been developed as hair setting products. 

Temporary hair dye products frequently contain thickeners, a surfactant, sometimes a hair-setting polymer, and a buffer or acid such as tartaric, acetic, or citric to provide an acid medium for application of the dyes to the hair. To make the hair rinses described in Table 6-11, first hydrate the hydroxyethylcellulose (0.7 g) with 49 g of water by stirring, then add the neodol and the nonoxynol. Add the remaining water followed by the buffer, and then slowly dissolve the dyes in the product with stirring. Finally, add the cetrimonium chloride and stir until it is completely dissolved. 

The major emphasis in this chapter is on the first three items—the chemical and/or binding interactions of polymers to hair the chemical nature of hairsprays, setting products, and mousses and the in situ polymerization reactions in hair. Although the rheological properties of polymer solutions are especially important to formula viscosity and to the sensory perceptions of cosmetics, they will not be emphasized here. It suffices to say that cellu-losic ethers [8, 9] are probably the most important thickening agents in hair products, and ethoxylated esters and carboxy vinyl polymers are also important. 

To develop and evaluate hairsprays, setting products, and mousses, a variety of methods have been developed. The methods described in this section have been developed primarily for hairspray formulation and evaluation. Style retention is without question the most important property of hair-sprays, and several approaches to evaluating hairspray holding power have been described in the literature [59-61]. One novel approach by Ganslaw and Koehler [62] involves measurement of the rate of untwisting of hair swatches treated with hair fixative solution. This parameter, which these authors call twist retention analysis, correlates with curl retention and is claimed to allow for more rapid evaluation of data. 

In eontrast, estimation of exposure from the use of hair care products presents a different set of eonsiderations relative to skin care products (Dressier, 1998). In partieular, the assmnptions for the calculation of percutaneous absorption for hair dyes are unique to these types of products. Factors that should be eonsidered inelude the sporadie use of the product, consequential scalp exposme to the dye material, the nature of the dye itself (permanent semipermanent), and alterations in potential bioavailability eaused by desquamation. 

Products and Uses Added to sea biscuits to prevent weevil infestation. Used in hair-setting lotions, personal care products, and cosmetic bases as a filler or additive, and for convalescent food. It is also an alcoholic beverage flavoring and a suspension agent for hair products and toiletries. 

Use Concentration 0.1-0.5% in alcoholic and hydroalcohohc lotions and hair care setting products... 

In hair-strengthening products, like setting lotions and hair sprays, polymer softeners can often be replaced with D-panthenol. In contrast to the normal softeners D-panthenol is released from the fihn coating the hair and penetrates the hair slowly. The panthenol, which penetrates the hair, is replaced with sebum so the hair does not get heavy and the style lasts longer. 

The most important hair care products are shampoos, hair conditioners, hair lotions, setting lotions, hair sprays, permanent wave preparations, hair colorants and shaving products. 

Hair conditioning can be associated with almost any hair product sold in the marketplace because they all claim some benefit to the hair when used. Thus the term hair conditioner can be appHed to such products as rinses, hair dressings, setting lotions, and hair sprays. Conditioners are used to provide different effects to the hair primarily ease of combing, sheen, and soft feel. 

Finishing sprays and spritzes are sprayed on clean, dry hair and tested for drying time, stiffness, combing ease, flaking after combing and stickiness upon contact with moisture. Additionally, hair hoi ding properties are evaluated by measurements of the cud retention at various humidities. Standardized water-set cuds are sprayed with standard amounts of product under controlled circumstances. They are then dried, placed into vadous humidity levels, and the cud fall monitored at vadous time pedods. 

The Nobel laureate Richard P. Feynman described, in a lecture delivered in 1959, the future of miniaturization. The published version of his lecture is called There s Plenty of Room at the Bottom and in it can be found a recipe for putting the entire Encyclopedia Britan-nica on the very small head of a very small pin. Feynman s comments set into motion an entirely new area of study and have lead to what have become known as the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers have come together over the past several decades to produce with high accuracy and precision materials that have dimensions measured in nanometers (nm, 10 meters, about 1/100 000 the width of a human hair). Specifically, materials with one, two, or three dimensions of 100 nm or less (called, respectively, nanofilms, nanotubes, and nanoparticles) qualify as products of nanotechnology. It appears that almost any chemical substance that is a solid under ordinary conditions of temperature... 

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