Hair Product Forms

These spots then became localized collection sites for seed hairs, silt, and corrosion products, forming a mound that was shaped into an arrowhead by water flow. 

Melanins, which are pigments in skin and hair, are formed by polymerization of oxidation products (quinones) of dopa. 

In this chapter the effects of these and other factors on product form and development are discussed. The first section describes general shampoo and hair conditioner compositions. Subsequent sections then discuss hair-cleaning mechanisms and product performance and efficacy, followed by methods of evaluating the cosmetic attributers of shampoos and conditioners. Finally, a brief discussion of damage to hair from shampooing and grooming is presented. 

Such is the case. However, the actual products formed depend on the substrate (hair versus wool), the structure of the amine, its concentration, and the reaction temperature. 

Hair is an excellent ion exchange system. Metallic ions may be sorbed to hair in multiple forms such as lipids (e.g., calcium stearate) or as particulates (e.g., metal oxides). Many metallic ions such as copper (-1-2) [11] can adsorb to hair, especially after frequent exposure to swimming pool water. It has been suggested that metallic ions such as chromium, nickel, and cobalt may bind to hair from swimming pool water [11]. Sorption of metallic ions like calcium or magnesium occurs even from low concentrations in the water supply rather than from hair products. However, fatty acids present in hair products enhance the adsorption of most of these metallic ions to the hair surface, as described earlier. Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium have been shown to collect in hair from air pollution [12], and other metals like zinc are available from antidandruff products, from the zinc pyrithione active ingredient. 

Although these amino acids and their salts are available as solids, they are also distributed in solution form. The alkylamino acids foam copiously in the alkaline or neutral pH range. At low pHs, they behave as cationics and lose their foaming power. In their zwitterionic forms, they are substantive to hair and find use in all types of hair products. 

Function in Formula . multifunctional ingredient that provides substantive moisturization to the skin and hair in a uniform film. Also shown to work as a water-based fixative in hair products U.ie Concentration 0.25-1.0% in water and up to 50% aqueous alcohol blends Solubility Characteristics Soluble in water and up to 50% aqueous alcohol blends Formulating Considerations Compatible with nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric systems Form Supplied Off-white powder... 

When hair has not been washed recently, it looks dirty due to the combination of particles from the environment with the products formed from sebum lipolysis, sweat oligoelements and comeocytes, as well as those remaining from cosmetics, especially perfumes or hair-care products (Dfaz-Sales, 1998). 

There are eight different forms of biotin, but only one, D-biotin, has fuU vitamin activity. It is vital for the production of energy from carbohydrates and fats, and for healthy skin and hair. It forms part of several enzyme systems and is necessary for normal growth and body function. It plays a key role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. 

Hydrocarbons have, for the most part, replaced CFCs as propellants. Most personal products such as hair sprays, deodorants, and antiperspirants, as well as household aerosols, are formulated using hydrocarbons or some form of hydro-carbon—halocarbon blend. Blends provide customized vapor pressures and, if halocarbons are utilized, a decrease in flammabiUty. Some blends form azeotropes which have a constant vapor pressure and do not fractionate as the contents of the container are used. 

It has been shown that keratin [9008-18-8] and not ceUulose-type fibers, are dyed. It is speculated that a lead—sulfur—keratin complex is formed. The color penetrates the hair fiber to a limited extent, forming a ring around the outside edge and imparting a lifeless appearance. Once developed, the color cannot be removed. The shades are limited yeUows or light browns. Appealing mainly to men, the products are often called color restorers because of the... 

International Specialty Products (ISP) suppHes ethyl, isopropyl, and -butyl half-esters of PMVEMA as 50% solutions in ethanol or 2-propanol. Typical properties are shown in Table 8. These half-esters do not dissolve in water but are soluble in dilute aqueous alkaU and in aqueous alcohoHc amine solutions. The main appHcation for the half-esters is in hairsprays where they combine excellent hair-holding properties at high humidity without making the hair stiff or harsh. These half-esters are easily removed during shampooing, have a very low order of toxicity, and form tack-free films that exhibit good gloss, luster, and sheen (see Hair preparations). 

Panthenol (4) is the reduced form of pantothenic acid and is the pure form most commonly used. The alcohol is more easily absorbed and is converted iato the acid m vivo (12). Both panthenol and pantyl ether are used ia hair care products. 

Small organisms frequently become embedded within corrosion products and deposits. The organisms may make up a sizable fraction of the deposit and corrosion product. Seed hairs and other small fibers often blow into cooling towers, where they are transported into heat exchangers. The fibers stick to surfaces, acting like sieves by straining particulate matter from the water. Deposit mounds form, reinforced by the fibers (see Case History 11.5). 

When such contaminated flour enters trade channels, either as such or in the form of prepared products, the finding of hair fragments is highly significant. Whether they may have come from the flour or have originated in a bakery or factory does not lessen their repugnance to the consumer. Recovered hairs are identified by means of their several characteristics. Some of the more salient are conspicuous intemodes and compound medulla of rat hairs, inconspicuous intemodes and smooth continuous medulla of cat hair, and differences discernible after treatment with 10% sodium hydroxide and after treatment with hypochlorite. 

To remove fats, oils, and grease from our clothes, our hair, our bodies, and our dishes, we use products known as surfactants. These contain ingredients that make oil and water mix, forming tiny droplets out of oil slicks, so the droplets can be washed away in the rinse water. 

---