Haemodynamic

K Constant infusion of epinephrine, but not bolus treatment, improves haemodynamic recovery in anaphylactic shock in dogs. Chn Exp AUergy 2004 SS 34 1776-1783. 

Lu CJ, Kao HL, Sun Y, Liu HM, Jeng JS, Yip PK, Lee YT. The haemodynamic effects of internal carotid artery stenting a study with color-coded duplex sonography. Cerebro-vasc Dis 2003 15 264-269. 

Fig. 12 Top Bfx with NO-releasing capability and stimulation of SGC. Middle Mechanism of NO release from Fx derivatives. Bottom Preparation of 3-furoxancarboxamide with good haemodynamic profile in vivo...

Improving giycaemic control may not only reduce the rate of non-enzymatic glycosyiation and monosaccharide autooxidation, but lower polyol pathway activity. In addition, it should have a beneficial effect on other haemodynamic and hormonal factors involved in the development of diabetic vascular disease. However, in studies of diabetic retinopathy, rapid control of glucose levels by intensive insulin therapy has been shown to worsen vascular disease initially and it could be postulated that a sudden improvement in retinal blood flow promotes further free-radical damage as part of a reperfusion-ischaemic injury. 

Casiglia, E., Paleari, C. D., Petucco, S., Bongiovi, S., Colangeli, G., Baccilieri, M. S., Pavan, L., Pernice, M., and Pessina, A. C., Haemodynamic effects of coffee and purified caffeine in normal volunteers A placebo-controlled clinical study. Journal of Human Hypertension 6, 95-99, 1992. 

Lundahl, J., Regardh, C. G., Edgar, B., Johnsson, G., Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of intravenous and orally administered felodipine in healthy men, Ear. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1997, 52, 139-145. 

Bams J.L., Mariani M.A., Groeneveld A.B.J., Predicting outcome after cardiac surgery comparison of global haemodynamic and tonometric variables, BrJ.Anaesth. 1999 82 33-37. 

The antagonistic properties of FR 900452 have also been examined in a model of endotoxin shock, the haemodynamic and haematological manifestations of this condition closely resembling the changes induced by PAF. FR 900452 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) almost completely prevents PAF (1 /ig/kg, i.v.)-induced thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia in rabbits [295]. It also significantly inhibits endotoxin (E. coli LPS, 30 /ig/kg, i.v.)-induced thrombocytopenia but not leukocytopenia. The same dose of FR 900452 also causes the decreased arterial blood pressure to return to normal in the endotoxin-induced rat hypotension model, an effect also reported for other PAF inhibitors [121, 274], Finally, FR 900452 has been tested for its therapeutic effect on rat nephrosis induced by aminonucleoside (puromycin, 100 mg/kg, i.p.). At 100 mg/kg twice a day orally for 6 days, the agent significantly reduces urinary protein loss in nephrotic rats [298]. 

Wakefield, I.D., March, J.E., Kemp, P.A., Valentin, J.P., Bennett, T., and Gardiner, S.M., Comparative regional haemodynamic effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline and L-NAME, in conscious rats, Br.J. Pharmacol., 39, 1235-1243, 2003. 

OxprenoloF The relationship between the plasma concentration of oxprenolol and its haemodynamic effects during physical exercise was studied using the fitted PK curve the drug effect was related to its plasma concentration using the E model... 

There was no effect on interatrial conduction and negligible effeets on haemodynamic parameters. 

A dose of 7.0 /ig/kg of indolidan (i.v. administration) resulted in a 50% increase in contractility in anaesthetized dogs. A selective inotropic response has been observed with conscious dogs upon oral administration of 25 ngj kg of (23). The haemodynamic profile of (23) has been evaluated in anaesthetized dogs [78]. The acute and subchronic toxicology of indolidan has been studied (rats, dogs) [79]. 

From a variety of basic substituted pyridazinones investigated in Germany [176], ridazolol (59) (CAS 83395-21-5) has been selected for further evaluation as a cardioselective y9-blocker, since in vivo studies (anaesthetized dogs) had revealed that (59) is characterized by a high degree of cardioselectivity. The haemodynamic effects of ridazolol have been studied [177,178], Doses of 20-80 mg of ridazolol have been reported to cause dose-related decrease in exercise-induced tachycardia (for 8 h) and in systolic blood pressure (for 4h)[179],... 

Oxdralazine (67) is characterized by a bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino group attached to position 6 of 3-hydrazinopyridazine. The antihypertensive effect of (67) has been studied in rats (spontaneous, desoxycorticosteron-induced, and renal hypertension) [223]. Its effect in the long-term treatment of hypertensive rats on plasma and kidney renin activities has been reported [224]. The effects of (67) on the general and cardiac haemodynamics of anaesthe-... 

Q86 Patients with a suspected infarction should receive analgesics intravenously as soon as possible. Pain in myocardial infarction may cause adverse haemodynamic effects such as increases in blood pressure and heart rate. 

The toxicity of rifamide has been studied [404,411] with almost consistently negative results. At very high doses, some species showed minor haemodynamic disturbances, whilst others showed minor renal or hepatic changes. No toxic effects have been observed in animals or humans at therapeutic doses. Pain may be encountered at the site of injection. 

The first modern hydrophilic nonspecific iodinated CA was diatrizoic acid, which, formulated as a sodium and/or meglumine salt, is still used. This agent was first synthesized in 1953 [1]. Osmolality for this compound, at concentrations compatible with imaging (ie. 300-370 mgl mL" ), is about 5-7 times that of plasma (1500-2100 mOsm kg H2O). Other HOCA such as iothalamate, metrizoate and ioxithalamate, were synthesized and marketed over the next few years. In an attempt to reduce the osmolality of the injected solution and thus reduce pain and haemodynamic disturbances, metrizamide, a compound resulting from the condensation of metrizoic acid and glucosamine, was synthesized. It was the first nonionic CA. 

Andersson B, Lomsky M, Waagstein F. The link between acute haemodynamic adrenergic beta-blockade and long-term effects in patients with heart failure. A study on diastolic function, heart rate and myocardial metabolism following intravenous metoprolol. Eur. Heart J. 1993 14 1375-85. 

Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M, Egido J. ACE inhibitors and ATI receptor antagonists - beyond the haemodynamic effect. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000 15 561-5. 

These centrally acting antihypertensives have been widely used in clinical practice in the nineteen-seventies and -eighties. Their haemodynamic profile and antihypertensive efficacy are without any doubt favourable. However, their profile of side-effects... 

The discovery of the centrally acting imidazoline receptor stimulants moxonidine and rilmenidine theoretically offers the same haemodynamic advantages as the a 2-adrenoceptor agonists. However, it may be hoped that their profile of side-effects is more favourable, owing to their lower affinity for... 

Fig. 3. Haemodynamic effects of different types of calcium antagonists. Drawn lines nifedipine and other rapidly an short-acting dihydropyridines. Dotted lines verapamil and diltiazem. MAP = mean arterial pressure HR = heart rate CO = cardiac output TPR = total peripheral resistance UE = urinary excretion of Na and H2O. Note the reflex tachycardia, provoked by nifedipine.

The various haemodynamic changes underlying the beneficial effects of CA may be summarized as follows ... 

Most of the adverse reactions to CA can be readily explained on the basis of their haemodynamic actions. 

Mibefradil is a verapamil-like agent with a potentially attractive haemodynamic profile. It is a vasodilator, which also causes a reduction in heart rate, whereas it is devoid of negative inotropic activity. Some of its properties are attributed to its influence of calcium channels of the T- and N-types. Unfortunately, the compound has been withdrawn because of multiple interactions with various other drugs. 

ACE-inhibitors are known to cause regression of left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy. This phenomenon is important in the long-term treatment of hypertension, where cardiac hypertrophy is known to be an important, virtually independent risk factor. Data that are beginning to emerge, which indicate that ACE-inhibitors may be beneficial as secondary prevention in postinfarct patients, especially if signs of heart failure occur. This favourable influence of the ACE-inhibitors may be the result of haemodynamic effects, a favourable effect on neuroendocrine mechanisms, and also a beneficial influence on the process of remodeling of the heart, secondary to a myocardial infarction. 

Table 11. Renal haemodynamic effects of antibypertensive drugs...

Szakmary E, Movai V, Naray M, et al. 1995. Haemodynamic effect of nickel chloride in pregnant rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 83(1) 3-12. 

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