H-coal liquefaction

Buckingham, P. A., et al., "Engineering Evaluation of Conceptual Coal Conversion Plant Using the H-Coal Liquefaction Process," EPRI Report, AF-1297 (1979). 

Vacuum-still bottoms from the H-coal liquefaction process were separated into acid, neutral, and basic fractions by precipitation with acids or by extraction with bases. About one-third of the preasphaltene and one-sixth of the asphaltene fraction were precipitated by acids equivalent weights of the bases were in the range 1200-1800 for preasphaltenes and 600-800 for asphaltenes. The acidic components were obtained either by extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide or by extraction with benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in methanol. About one-fifth of the asphaltene and one-fourth of the presasphaltene fractions were obtained as acids, and up to 10% as amphoteric substances. Nitrogen and sulfur were present in all fractions found. Deno axidation (CF3C02H, H202, H 04) gave dicarboxylic acids from malonic to adipic in addition to mono acids. 

The feedstocks utilized in this program were derived from a midcontinent and mid-east crude mix, from H-Coal liquefaction of No. 6 Illinois coal, and from the shale liquefaction product from the TOSCO II conversion of Parachute Creek shale. Analyses of the full-range liquids is presented in Table I. Attention is directed to the high nitrogen and... 

Wood, R.E. Wiser, W.H. "Coal Liquefaction in Coiled Tube... 

Major cogeneration applications are highly energy intensive and diverse, including such processes as those associated with heavy oil recovery, tar sands oil recovery, coal liquefaction, h-coal liquefaction, coal gasification, steel mill and aluminum mill processes. Several process heat applications were also considered in the design too, which are discussed in more detail later. 

W. H. Wiser, "Some Chemical Aspects of Coal Liquefaction," in Ref. 40. 

H. D. Schindler "Coal Liquefaction A Research Needs Assessment," Vol. 2, Technical Background, Final Report on DOE Contract Mo. DE-AC01-87ER30110, 1989. 

Given, P. H., Cronaucr, D. C., Spackman, W., Lovell, H. L., Davis, A., and Biswas, B., Dependence of coal liquefaction behavior on coal characteristics 1. vitrinite-rich samples. Fuel, 1975, 54, 34 39. 

A large program of work on coal liquefaction at the U.S. Bureau of Mines station at Bruceton, Pa., under the direction of H. H. Storch, was stimulated by the pre-war and wartime developments in Germany (49,50,51,52,53). The very extensive studies showed that, with some modification of processing conditions, most U.S. coals could be converted to liquid fuels in acceptable yields... 

Walker, P. L. Spackman, W. Given, P. H. Davis, A. Jenkins, R. G. Painter, P. C. "Characterization of Mineral Matter in Coals and Coal Liquefaction Residues", Annual Rept. AF-832 from Pennsylvania State University to Electric Power Research Institute, 1978. 

These observations suggest that new coal liquefaction technology may be possible based on short contact time reactions. The purpose of this and the related papers in this volume by R.H. Heck and W.C. Rovesti is to show some potential advantages for optimized or integrated short contact time liquefaction processes over conventional technology. 

E. Gorin, C. J. Kulik, and H. E. Lebowitz, "Deashing of Coal Liquefaction Products Via Partial Deasphalting. 2. Hydrogenation and Hydro extract ion EffluentsINEC Process Design and Developments, Vol. 16, Jan. 1977. 

Shinn, J. H. Hershkowitz, F. Holten, R. R. Vermeulen, T Grens, E. A., "Coal Liquefaction in Inorganic-Organic Liquid Mixtures". Paper presented at Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. annual meeting, Miami, Florida, November 1977. 

Stephens, H. P., and Chapman, R. N., The Kinetics of Catalytic Hydrogenation of Pyrene Implications for Direct Coal Liquefaction Processing. In Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem, 1983. Prepr. Pap. 28 pp. 161-168. 

The development of three-phase reactor technologies in the 1970 s saw renewed interest in the synthetic fuel area due to the energy crisis of 1973. Several processes were developed for direct coal liquefaction using both slurry bubble column reactors (Exxon Donor Solvent process and Solvent Refined Coal process) and three-phase fluidized bed reactors (H-Coal process). These processes were again shelved in the early 1980 s due to the low price of petroleum crudes. 

Davis, A., Schobert, H.H., and Derbyshire, FJ., Enhanced Coal Liquefaction bv Low Severity Catalytic Reactions. Technical Progress Report for the period Mar. to May, 1987, U.S. DOE/PETC Contract No. DE-FG22-86PC90910, (6/1987). 

The H-Coal and CFFC Processes are unique In the sense that first-stage liquefaction is achieved by circulating the coal-donor slurry through an "ebullated" (i.e., partly fluidized) bed of uniformly sized catalyst pellets. 

We will examine three synthetic fuel scenarios and compare their implications regarding sulfur availability with the current and projected market for sulfur to the year 2000. The analysis will consider three production levels of synthetic fuels from coal and oil shale. A low sulfur Western coal will be utilized as a feedstock for indirect liquefaction producing both synthetic natural gas and refined liquid fuels. A high sulfur Eastern coal will be converted to naphtha and syncrude via the H-Coal direct liquefaction process. Standard retorting of a Colorado shale, followed by refining of the crude shale oil, will round out the analysis. Insights will be developed from the displacement of imported oil by synthetic liquid fuels from coal and shale. 

Figure 5. H-Coal direct liquefaction of coal Numbers are tons of sulfur per day.

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