Guarana extract

White willow bark Calcium pyruvate Guarana extract Various tea extracts... 

Guarana extracts typically contain caffeine, a nervous system stimulant. If taken in large amounts, guarana products containing caffeine can cause insomnia, nervousness, and the other well-known symptoms of excess caffeine intake (PDR 2006). 

No adverse events were reported in a human study of single doses of 37.5, 75, 150, or 300 mg of standardized guarana extract (11 -12% caffeine) administered to healthy adults (Haskell et al. 2007). 

A dose-dependent decrease in platelet aggregation was observed in vitro after the application of aqueous guarana extracts to human or rabbit platelet-rich plasma (Bydlowski etal. 1988,1991). 

Bydlowski, S.P., R.L. Yunker, and M.T. Subbiah. 1988. A novel property of an aqueous guarana extract Paullinia cupana) Inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 21(3) 535-538. 

Guarana extract Guarana gum. See Guarana (Paullinia cupana) gum Guarana (Paullinia cupana) gum CAS 84929-28-2 EINECS/ELINCS 284-512-1 FEMA 2536... 

Synonyms Guarana extract Guarana gum Paullinia cupana Paullinia cupana extract Paullinia cupana gum... 

Food poisoning Tea, eugenol, leaf essential oil, bark essential oil bark oleoresin, emesis E-cinnamaldehyde, clove, mustard, cinnamon, guarana extract,... 

Food. Guarana extract (especially fluid extract) is widely used as a flavor ingredient of cola drinks. It is also reportedly used in alcoholic beverages (e.g., liqueurs and cordials) and in candy. Use levels are generally below 0.002%, reported for guarana gum (paste). In Brazil, a carbonated soft drink made firom the seeds is considered a NATIONAL beverage, offered commercially since 1909. 

C8H10N4O2. An alkaloid occurring in tea, coffee and guarana, from which it may be prepared by extraction, It is also manufactured by the methylation of theobromine and by the condensation of cyanoacetic acid with urea. Crystallizes with H2O or anhydrous from organic solvents. M.p. (anhydrous) 235"C, sublimes at 176 C. Odourless, and with a very bitter taste. Caffeine acts as a stimulant and diuretic, and is a constituent of cola drinks, tea and coffee. 

Temperature and pressure. Most of the nut and seed studies on extractions of phytochemicals using SC-CO2 were performed at a temperature range of 35-80°C and a pressure range of 10-70 MPa (see Table 9.3). The effects of pressure and temperature were studied in the removal of caffeine from wet ground guarana seeds at 40 and... 

Saldana MDA, Zetzl C, Mohamed RS and Brunner G. 2002b. Extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds, mate leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol. J Agric Food Chem 50 4820 1826. 

Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance found in the leaves, seeds, or fruits of more than 60 plants. These include coffee and cocoa beans, kola nuts, tea leaves, guarana (Paulinia cupana) and Paraguay tea. Thus it is present naturally in many beverages, such as coffee, tea, and cola drinks, or is added in small amounts (up to 200 ppm) in some soft drinks and in foods such as chocolate. Caffeine is obtained by solvent or supercritical fluid extraction from green coffee beans, mainly during the preparation of decaffeinated coffee. 

Another, and perhaps more obvious, development area is the constant search for new flavours and unusual ingredients. There is currently a great interest in the use of various botanical extracts such as guarana and ginseng because of their implied qualities, but it is noteworthy that one of the oldest and certainly the most successful flavours, cola, was originally formulated with, and still contains, a natural vegetable extract of cola nut. 

Extracts of coffee bean and cocoa bean have been produced experimentally that contained about 3% of caffeine and 3% theobromine respectively without the disadvantage of flavour concentration typically associated with those raw materials. These are potentially alternative natural sources of effective stimulants to guarana and kola. Other supplementary herbs that have a place in energy... 

These products aim primarily to provide a boost to mental energy or buzz . They are marketed as pick-me-ups , and command a high profit margin. An impressive list of ingredients is essential for credibility and typical components include caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, inositol, maltodextrin, vitamins and herbal extracts such as guarana, ginseng and schizandra. 

The seeds of the Brazilian plant Paullinia cupana (Sapindaceae) are used to make a stimulant drink. Crushed seeds are mixed with water to a paste, which is then sun dried. Portions of this are then boiled with hot water to provide a refreshing drink. The principal constituent, previously called guaranine, has been shown to be identical to caffeine, and the seeds may contain 3-5%. Small amounts of theophylline (0-0.25%) and theobromine (0.02-0.06%) are also present. Guarana is widely available as tablets and capsules, or as extracts, in health food shops where it is promoted to relieve mental and physical fatigue. Labels on such products frequently show the active constituent to be guaranine, but may not indicate that this is actually caffeine. 

Adverse events, primarily cardiovascular in nature, have been reported in persons consuming "energy drinks" and weight-loss supplements that contain guarana and multiple other botanical extracts, added caffeine, and other stimulant compounds (Pittler et al. 2005). 

Administration of 500 mg/kg of an aqueous extract of guarana administered to glycogenolytic mice suppressed... 

No adverse effects were observed in mice administered a 3 mg/ml aqueous-ethanolic extract of guarana as the sole source of drinking water for 12 months (Mattei et al. 1998). 

In mice orally administered 133, 265, and 530 mg/kg daily of an aqueous extract of guarana for 7 days, changes in the frequency of micronuclei in the femoral cells and inductions of testicular chromosomal aberrations were observed. An increase of malondialdehyde and depletion of nonprotein... 

Bydlowski, S.P., E.A. D Amico, and D.A. Chamone. 1991. An aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis. Braz.. Med. Biol. Res. 24(4) 421-424. 

Collagen amino acids Colostrum Colostrum cream Connective tissue extract Creatinine Crystalline Cyanocobalamin Cytochrome C Dextran sulfate sodium DNA Eicosapentaenoic acid Elastin Embryo extract Fibronectin Folic acid Guarana (Paullinia cupana) gum Heart extract Hematin Hemolymph extract Heparin Heparin sodium Hirudinea extract Honey Honey extract Hydrolyzed actin Hydrolyzed conchiorin protein Hydrolyzed DNA... 

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) gum Guava (Psidium guajava) Guava (Psidium guajava) extract Gum benzoin Hemlock needles and twigs... 

Caffeine is a drug with stimulating effects. It is found in foods, beverages, and medicines, and it occurs naturally in plant products such eis coffee, tea, cacao beans, kola nuts, mate drink, and guarana paste. More than 63 species of plants growing in all parts of the world contain caffeine in their leaves, seeds, or fruit. Pure caffeine is obtained (1) as a by-product from the manufacture of decaffeinated coffee, (2) from the extraction of coffee bean and tea leaf waste, and (3) from the methylation of theobromine obtained from cocoa waste. Most Americans consume some caffeine. Recently, there has been considerable concern as to the effect of caffeine on health. 

Enhanced cognitive functions were observed in young human subjects after the administration of 75 mg of dried ethanolic extract of guarana. The authors suggested that the enhanced cognition was not due to the caffeine content of the extract. ... 

An aqueous extract of guarana decreased the aggregation of rabbit platelets, which may be due to its inhibition of thromboxane formation observed in the same experiment. ... 

Aqueous extracts of guarana were found to be genotoxic and mutagenic when tested in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi-murium. The effect was attributed to the formation of a toxic caffeine/catechin complex. ... 

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