Solution growth

Buhro W E, Hickman K M and Trentler T J 1996 Turning down the heat on semiconductor growth—solution chemical syntheses and the solution-liquid-solid mechanism Adv. Mater. 8 685... 

Determination of free space, growth, solute concentration and parameters of water-relations of suspension-cultivated tobacco cells. Plant, Cell Environment, 9, 693-701. 

Low level wastes (LLW), 23 592. See also Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) from reactors, 77 598 Low-melting lead alloys, 14 779 Low-melting-point indium alloys, 14 196 Low-melting thiodiols, DBTDL-catalyzed step-growth solution and melt polymerization reaction of, 23 744 Low-methoxyl pectins (LM pectins), 4 728 13 69... 

Since precipitants used for growth were volatile alcohols (methanol, or methanol/ ethylen glycol mixtures) any handling of the crystals was impossible. Even a minor intervention such as sealing the X-ray capillaries shortened the lifetime of crystals drastically to 6-8 hours (Fig. 3) crystals had to be irradiated immediately in their original growth solution. 

Since we had to irradiate crystals within their growth solution in their original orientation, and at the same time to avoid other crystals in close proximity, we were strongly dependent not only on the intensity and the stability, but also on the size and shape of the incident beam. As a consequence, improvements in the quality of the data collection facilities were needed, alongside our efforts to improve the crystal quality. 

The first microcrystals of H. marismortui SOS subunits were obtained at 4 °C from PEG in growth solutions that mimic the natural environment within these bacteria Potassium, ammonium, magnesium and chloride ions were present in the crystallization solution at the minimum concentrations needed for reserving their activity... 

Finite Extent. As the growth time approaches l2/2D, the assumption of a semiinfinite growth solution is no longer valid. The concentration of solutes at the top of the solution will begin to decrease, and this decrease... 

Scheme 2 Schematic of a seed-mediated, surfactant-assisted gold nanorod synthesis. The small black dots represent Ag+ ions, the orange stars are CTAB molecules forming micelles, the yellow circles and green squares are AuCLf and AuC12 , respectively, forming complexes with the CTAB micelles. Freshly-prepared gold nanoparticle seeds are injected into the growth solution in the final step of the nanorod synthesis [166]. (Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society)...

To obtain higher nanorod aspect ratios and lengths in the presence of Ag+ ions, a co-surfactant is required benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride for nanorods with aspect ratios up to 10 [164] or Pluronic F-127 for aspect ratios up to 20 [165]. The average length of the nanorods can be increased continuously by adding new amounts of growth solution. However, for longer nanorods or nano wires (i.e., aspect ratios above 80) the synthesis should be performed in the absence of Ag+ ions. 

The introduction of 0.2 - 0.5 at.% of Ca or Zn into the growth solution does not change the character of electrical properties of the crystals, though the free electron concentration decreases by a factor of a few. In contrast, the addition of Mg into the growth solution drastically changes the electrical properties of GaN crystals increasing the resistivity by orders of magnitude (TABLE 2). 

Since these hexacyano complexes are hydrated salts, aqueous solutions are used. To prepare the saturated Sm[Fe(CN)6] solution 10 mL of 1 M neutral SmCl3 solution is first added, followed by the same amount of 1 M K3[Fe(CN)6] solution, to 500 mL of distilled water kept at 65°. In this way a supersaturated solution is obtained that (if everything is clean) can remain in this metastable state for hours before the first crystallites separate. To accelerate the procedure, microcrystals of Sm[Fe(CN)6] 4H20 are prepared by mixing 1 M solutions of 1 mL of SmCl3 and 1 mL of K3[Fe(CN)6], The tiny seed crystals that are obtained are used to initiate precipitation in the growth solution. After 10 minutes, still at 65°, the solution is filtered and 50 mL of hot dis-... 

Key words ZnO synthesis, melt-growth, vapor-growth, solution-growth, hydrothermal-growth, electrical and structural properties... 

Because the concentration needed for secondary growth is lower than that required for nucleation, further nucleation is strongly decreased and almost all of the crystal growth takes place over the existing crystal seeds. By controlling the composition and concentration of the secondary growth solution, the crystallization of undesired zeolite phases and the dissolution of the support can be avoided, and the rate and direction of crystal growth can, to a certain extent, be controlled. 

The seeds are then added to a growth solution that consists of fresh metal salt, and a surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, that directs the growth of nanopartides into nanorods and nanowires. Growth is initiated by the addition... 

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