Solution-based growth method

Accurately as for silver-based nanostructured crystals, MW-assisted solution phase growth methods have been diffusively used to produce Au NCs with different sizes and shapes. Spherical particles with average diameters below 10 nm were differently achieved, for instance upon PVP-assisted hydrothermal reduction of... 

For their rich potential in various applications described in the previous section, the synthesis and assembly of various ZnO micro and nanostructures have been extensively explored using both gas-phase and solution-based approaches. The most commonly used gas-phase growth approaches for synthesizing ZnO structures at the nanometer and micrometer scale include physical vapor deposition (40, 41), pulsed laser deposition (42), chemical vapor deposition (43), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (44), vapor-liquid-solid epitaxial mechanisms (24, 28, 29, 45), and epitaxial electrodeposition (46). In solution-based synthesis approaches, growth methods such as hydrothermal decomposition processes (47, 48) and homogeneous precipitation of ZnO in aqueous solutions (49-51) were pursued. 

During the early stages of reaction, solution-based analysis techniques (e.g., wet chemical tests, such as titrimetry or chromatography HPLC or GPC) may be used to determine the extent of network growth. However, when the cure reaches the gel stage, the reduction in solubility renders such methods ineffective, necessitating the use of more exotic, nonsolution-based... 

One of the most commonly applied SR-based scattering methods is powder X-ray diffraction, usually accompanied by Rietveld profile fitting of the diffraction pattern (e.g., Hazemann et al. 1991 Parise 1999 Lee et al. 2001). Special in situ reaction cells have been designed to study crystal growth and phase transformations in aqueous solutions at ambient to moderate temperatures ( 200°C) using X-ray diffraction (Cahill et al. 1998). Such cells have been used to study pyrite growth from aqueous solutions (Cahill et al. 

Graphene can be prepared using four different methods [183]. The first is chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial growth, such as the decomposition of ethylene on nickel surfaces. The second is the micromechanical exfoliation of graphite. The third method is epitaxial growth on electrically insulating surfaces, such as SiC, and the fourth is the solution-based reduction of graphene oxide (Fig. 31.17). 

As a solution-based materials synthesis technique, the microemulsion-mediated method [10-18] offers the unique ability to effect particle synthesis and particle stabilization in one step. The solubilized water droplets serve as nanosize test tubes, thus limiting particle growth, while the associated surfactant films adsorb on the growing particles, thereby minimizing particle aggregation. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on the microemulsion-mediated synthesis of metal hydroxides and oxides the definition of a metal is extended here to include the semimetal silicon. Since metal oxides are frequently produced by decomposing metal salts, aspects of the literature on microemulsion-derived metal salts are also considered. In principle, any previously established aqueous precipitation chemistry can be adapted to the microemulsion synthesis technique. Accordingly,... 

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