Crystals growth from solutions

Controlled crystallization Natural and synthetic single crystals Crystal growth from solutions, gels and by coarsening of solids... 

TENGLER, T. and Mersmann, A. Germ. Chem. Eng. 7 (1984) 248-259. Influence of temperature, saturation and flow velocity on crystal growth from solutions. 

Detailed information about crystal growth is available in the books by Sunagawa (1987) and Mullin (1993). A very brief summary of the topic is provided here. Crystal growth from solution involves a number of steps. They are ... 

Scheme 3 The solid yielded by mechanical mixing of the reactants can be used to seed crystal growth from solution to obtain crystals for single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. This procedure allows one to compare the X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured on the mechanochemical sample with that calculated on the basis of the single-crystal experiment for the solids obtained by crystallization via seeding of a solution of the ground powder of the adduct...

W. F. Berg, Crystal growth from solutions, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A164,1938,79-95... 

C. W. Bunn, Crystal growth from solution, II, Concentration gradients and the rates of growth of crystals. Disc. Faraday Soc., no. 5,1949,132-44... 

The topics covered are as follows. The structure of the interfacial region and its experimental investigation are covered in Chapter 1. The following chapter reviews the mechanisms by which heterogeneous catalysis of solution reactions can take place. The third chapter is concerned with the mechanism and kinetics of crystal growth from solution and the final contribution deals with corrosion processes at the metal-solution interface. 

FIGURE 6.11 The energetics of crystal growth from solution (a) Movement of the solvated solute molecule etnd (b) corresponding energy changes for each transformation. Redrawn, with permission from E3well and Scheel [28]. 

Rodriguez-Clemente, R. Complexing and growth units in crystal growth from solutions of electrolytes. J. Cryst. Growth 1989, 98, 617-629. 

Bennema, P. (1969). The influence of surface diffusion for crystal growth from solution. J. Cryst. Growth 5, 29-43. 

See especially Chapter 9, Crystal growth from solution. An authoritative and detailed description of several aspects of crystal growth is... 

The driving force for nucleation and crystal growth from solution can be expressed as the positive difference between the chemical potential of a species in a supersaturated solution and that of a saturated solution. Once a solution becomes supersaturated with respect to a particular mineral, 3-D nucleation may occur. For the spontaneous formation of an apatite nucleus (for the sake of discussion we will refer to fluorapatite) in solution the change in the Gibbs free energy (AG) of the reaction... 

Christoffersen MR, Dohrup J, Christoffersen J (1998b) Kinetics of growth and dissolution of calcium hydroxylapatite in suspensions with variable calcium to phosphate ratio. J Ciyst Growth 186 283-290 Davey RJ (1976) The effect of impurity adsorption on the kinetics of crystal growth from solution. J Cryst Growth 34 109-19... 

Table VIII. Time to Explosion During Crystal Growth from Solutions of Different Lead Azide Concentrations ...

In particular for crystal growth from solution, the morphology of the growing crystal and thus its habit can be critically influenced by additions of suitable impurity molecules at very low concentrations this is called dressing control . The additive molecules are preferentially adsorbed onto a particular crystallographic plane... 

An interesting special case of crystal growth from solution are the macroscopic polymer single crystals of diacetylenene, the poly-diacetylene crystals. For their preparation, as a first step, macroscopic molecular crystals of substituted diacety-... 

In summary, whichever mechanism appropriately describes the mechanism o f crystal growth from solution. 

Bennema, P. and van der Eerden, J.P. (1977) Crystal growth from solution development in computer simulation. Journal of Crystal Growth, 42, 201-213. 

Berg, W.F. (1938) Crystal growth from solutions. Proceedings of the Royal Society, A164, 79-95. 

Boistelle, R. (1982) Impurity effects in crystal growth from solution. In Interfacial Aspects of Phase Transformations, B. Mutaftschiev (ed.), 621 38, Reidel, Dordrecht. 

Davey, R.J. (1976) The effect of impurity adsorption on the kinetics of crystal growth from solution. Journal of Crystal Growth, 34, 109-119. 

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