Growth hormone vasopressin

Thyroliberin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, stimulates biosynthesis and secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) from the anterior pituitary. It is central in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Furthermore, TRH influences the release of other hormones, e.g., prolactin, growth hormone, vasopressin, insulin, and also the classic neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). In addition, it is... 

Otfier fiormones accelerate tfie release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and raise tfie plasma free fatty acid concentration by increasing the rate of lipolysis of the triacylglycerol stores (Figure 25—8). These include epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a- and P-melanocyte-stimulat-ing hormones (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), and vasopressin. Many of these activate the hormone-sensitive hpase. For an optimal effect, most of these lipolytic processes require the presence of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones. These hormones act in a facilitatory or permissive capacity with respect to other lipolytic endocrine factors. 

A vast number of hormones and neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple structural units including chains of amino acids. Among the amino acid based hormones are comparatively large protein molecules such as prolactin, growth hormone and insulin, and shorter chains of amino acids which may form peptide hormones, such as oxytocin and vasopressin. Protein based hormones are essential for metabolism, growth and some components of reproduction. However, evidence for specific influences of these compounds on human behavior is limited. 

Angiotensin II, administered into the central nervous system, increases the release of luteinizing hormone, adrenocortical hormone, thyroid-releasing hormone, (3-endorphin, vasopressin, and oxytocin from the anterior pituitary. In contrast, centrally administered angiotensin II inhibits the release of anterior pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. 

Cortisol hypersecretion, blunted growth hormone and prolactin responses, blunted thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to TRH, reduced luteinizing hormone secretion, and disturbances in b-endorphin, vasopressin, and calcitonin have all been associated with depression. 

Endocrine and metabolic Blood tests Serum concentrations of pituitary horrmones (TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin) serum concentrations of other hormones (insulin parathyroid hormone, glucagon, calcitonin, vitamin D) and serum electrolyte concentrations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)... 

The main therapeutic use of pituitary hormones is of growth hormone (anterior pituitary) and those from the posterior pituitary oxytocin and vasopressin. 

The adenohypophysis secretes growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), foUicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), all of which are proteins or peptides (see Table 28-1 in Chapter 28). It also secretes P-lipotropin (P-LPH) and a number of smaller peptides of undetermined significance Vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and are carried through the neurohypophyseal nerve axons to the neurohypophysis. Thus the neurohypophysis is not a discrete endocrine organ, but rather functions as a reservoir for these two hormones. 

Norepinephrine Glucagon ACTH Secretin Vasopressin Growth hormone Prostaglandin E j... 

One of the best-known examples of this class is interferon (a glycoprotein), which has shown much promise as an antiviral agent and in the treatment of cancer (71). Numerous polymers (mostly polyelectrolytes) are effective in inducing the production of interferon in animals (72). Other well-known bioactive polypeptides are insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), human growth hormone (HGH), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone most of these have been synthesized, and some derivatives have been prepared (73). Some small bioactive polypeptides are the nonapeptides bradykinin, vasopressin, and oxytocin bioactive derivatives have been made for many of these also (74). 

These drugs act at the level of the hypothalamus to increase the release of vasopressin (ADH), prolactin, and growth hormone. Conversely, levels of luteinizing hormone are decreased. 

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