Growth factor Table

No true synonyms. Related terms/subgroups Lympho-kines Monokines Interleukins Chemokines Interferons Growth factors (Table 1). 

Growth Factors. Table 1 Summary of a num ber of growth factor families, the tyrosine kinase receptors they bind, and the major physiological consequences of their interactions... 

The details of haemopoiesis presented thus far prompt two very important questions. How is the correct balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation maintained And what forces exist that regulate the process of differentiation The answer to both questions, in particular the latter, is beginning to emerge in the form of a group of cytokines termed haemopoietic growth factors (Table 6.2). This group includes ... 

Data on vitamins or growth factors (Table 5.II) are rather limited, partly because of the experimental difficulties in collection and assay. The work of Rovira and Harris... 

It has become well known in the practice and science of clinical oncology that the tumor cell expropriates for its own use aU the physiological cellular growth factors (Table XXIX) Inserted transposons awaken to seek out and activate the oncoprotein-encoding genes, which are the descendants of the genes of the ancient cell survival pathways. With their appearance, tenacious and virulent behavior, and their driver fusion protein, the Phytophlhora infestans and the Trichomonas act in their multicellular host as if they were alien immortalized invaders (Tables XXVll and XXX Figure 56). 

Cytokines, eg, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and certain growth factors, could have antitumor activity directiy, or may modulate cellular mechanisms of antitumor activity (2). Cytokines may be used to influence the proliferation and differentiation of T-ceUs, B-ceUs, macrophage—monocyte, myeloid, or other hematopoietic cells. Alternatively, the induction of interferon release may represent an important approach for synthetic—medicinal chemistry, to search for effective antiinflammatory and antifibrotic agents. Inducers of interferon release may also be useful for lepromatous leprosy and chronic granulomatous disease. The potential cytokine and cytokine-related therapeutic approaches to treatment of disease are summarized in Table 4. A combination of cytokines is a feasible modaUty for treatment of immunologically related diseases however, there are dangers inherent in such an approach, as shown by the induction of lethal disserninated intravascular coagulation in mice adrninistered TNF-a and IFN-y. 

Many kinds of amino acids (eg, L-lysine, L-omithine, t-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tyrosine, L-valine) are accumulated by auxotrophic mutant strains (which are altered to require some growth factors such as vitamins and amino acids) (Table 6, Primary mutation) (22). In these mutants, the formation of regulatory effector(s) on the amino acid biosynthesis is genetically blocked and the concentration of the effector(s) is kept low enough to release the regulation and iaduce the overproduction of the corresponding amino acid and its accumulation outside the cells (22). 

Table Appendix Receptor Proteins Growth Factors... 

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta. Table 1 Agents that target the TGF-(3 signaling pathway... 

Regulating growth factors, of plants, thiazolium salts as, 80 Resonance theory, 68 Rhodacyanines, see Neutrorhodacyanines cationic, tables of, 180 nomenclature of. 27 nonionic dyes, tables of. 184 synthesis of, 64... 

Some established cell lines were derived from malignant tissue. Many of these cell lines can form tumors when injected into susceptible animals. Other established cell lines are not Uunorigenic. However, exposure to carcinogens, and irradiation can cause these cells to form tumors in susceptible animals. In addition, transformation can be caused by spontaneous mutations, by growth factors, and by viral (or oncogenic) transformation (Table 6). Malignant transformation is defined as consisting of the series of events that cause normal cells to develop the capacity to form tumors. 

There is only one major system of interacting growth factors and receptors in the fetus — the insulin (INS) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Ignoring various binding proteins that modulate IGF actions in tissues and... 

The differentiation, growth and division of eukaryotic cells is modulated by various influences, of which growth factors are amongst the most important for many cell types. A wide range of polypeptide growth factors have been identified (Table 10.1) and more, undoubtedly, remain to be characterized. Factors that inhibit cell growth also exist. For example, interferons and TNF inhibit proliferation of various cell types. 

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