Flower staminate

Ruffed grouse, B. umhellus, feed on staminate flower buds and extended catkins of trembling aspen, P. tremuloides. In winter these birds select specific trees or clones. Analysis for alkaloids, tannins, and other phenolics showed that feeding preferences were not related to the levels of tannin or total phenolics in... 

Mostly apetalous flowers at least the staminate ones, commonly in aments or ament-like clusters hypanthium mostly inconspicuous or reduced. 

Flowers, at least the staminate ones in true aments monosporangiate trees and shrubs with simple leaves. 

Dioecious In the lower plants referring to the individuals having the archegonia and antheridia on separate plants referring also to those seed plants having staminate and pistillate flowers borne on different individuals. 

Monoecious Having the archegonia or female sex organ and antheridia or male sex organ on different branches of the same plant or producing staminate and pistillate flowers on a single plant. 

Flower sex expression of cucumbers can be modified by treating seedlings with several growthregulating substances With the exception of gibberellin, chemicals tend to reduce the number, or suppress the development, of staminate flowers, and increase the number or accelerate the development of pistillate flowers Gibberellin, in contrast, increases the number of staminate flowers in monoecious cucumbers and results in the formation of staminate flowers on gynoecious cucumbers which otherwise would produce only pistillate flowers In promotive effects on staminate flower formation and vegetative extension, GA4 is approximately tenfold more active than GA3 ... 

Flower sex expression is subject to genetic, environmental, and chemical control (6, 14, 20, 26, 27). Alteration of the length or duration of any of the flower sex stages, but not necessarily the order of appearance, has been modified by environment. The staminate stage has been extended by long photoperiods (6,26) and the appearance of the pistillate stage accelerated by low temperatures, short days (3), and low light intensities (26). Numerous chemicals (Table I)... 

Treatment No. of Staminate Flowers Produced Preceding First Pistillate Flower Days from Seeding to Anthesis of First Pistillate Flower Nodes Preceding First Pistillate Flower... 

Studies reported herein are primarily concerned with the effects of gibberellin in extending the staminate stage of monoecious cucumbers and with the formation of staminate flowers on gynoecious cucumbers. 

Galun (8) has recently reported similar results for monoecious cucumbers differing in the normal duration of the staminate stage. He demonstrated a close relationship between gibberellin-induced vegetative elongation and modification of flower sex expression (8). 

Treatment First staminate flower First pistillate flower Nodes preceding first pistillate flower... 

Photoperiod enhances the promotive effect of gibberellin on staminate flower formation in the gynoecious cucumber not by increasing the number of nodes which... 

Table IV. Effect of Single and Repeat Application of Gibberellin on Expression of Staminate Flowers on a Gynoecious Cucumber (MSU 713-5)...

Left. Control, pistillate flowers occur at each successive node Right. Staminate flowers following treatment with GAs... 

Inspection of flower primordia in the Japanese cucumber, Somohanhiak, revealed that both staminate and pistillate primordia are present in each flower, and sex expression at anthesis is apparently dependent upon the relative growth rates of the two types of primordia (10). Perhaps this is also true for other cucumber varieties. Thus, environmental or chemical alterations in flower sex expression probably fall under the category of regulation which is an effect on development or maturation, rather than induction or differentiation. 

The promotion of staminate flower formation in cucumbers by gibberellin is not surprising if one considers the effects of gibberellin as similar to those of a long photoperiod. Extension of the staminate stage in monoecious cucumbers by gibber-... 

Node No, % of plants bearing staminate flowers No, of dowers % of plants bearing staminate dowers No, of floweK... 

The flowers of mints are bilaterally symmetric. Because they are mostly pollinated by insects, mints have relatively brightly colored, nectar-rich flowers usually grouped into a larger inflorescence The lower, flised petals of the flower provide a platform for pollinators to land on called a lip (or in Latin, labia, from which the family name Labiatae is derived). Most species in the mint family have bisexual flowers, containing both male (staminate) and female (pistilate) organs. The fruits are small, one-seeded nutlets. 

The Catkin or Ament resembles the Spike, but differs in that it has scaly instead of herbaceous bracts, as the staminate flowers of the Oak, Hazel, Willow, Comptonia, etc. 

If the pistils are present and stamens wanting, the flower is called /pistillate, or female if it possesses stamens but no pistil, it is described as staminate, or male if both are absent, neutral, as marginal flowers of Viburnum. Some plants, as the Begonias and Castor oil, bear both staminate and pistillate flowers, and are called Monoecious. 

When the staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on different plants of the same species, they are termed Diacious, as the Sassafras and Willow. When staminate, pistillate and hermaphrodite flowers areallborneononeplant,ason the Maple trees, they are polygamous. 

Pinacea Conifercs) or Pine Family.—Trees or shrubs with resinous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed largely of tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or needle-shaped frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually evergreen. Flowers, monoecious or rarely dioecious, achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate... 

Pig. 174.—Willow Salix). Leafy branch, bearing two pistillate catkins, Staminate flower above, at the left pistillate flower below, at the right. (Gager after Britton and Brown.)... 

Inflorescences dioecious spikes, so on separate plants. Staminate spikes forming deciduous catkins of yellowish flowers, pistillate as persistent spikes of green flowers, at length maturing fruit. 

Staminate flowers in elongated catkins, each consisting of two to eight stamens inserted on the torus-like base of the oval to oval-lanceolate bracts of the catkin, usually subtended by two or fohr or rarely by numerous bracteoles filaments short or elongated. 

The above trees are all monoecious, that is the staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers are distinct from each other, but borne on the same tree. Most of the species are trees, a few oaks are shrubs. The leaves are simple, netted-veined and alternate. A pair of deciduous stipules are found at the base of the leaf-stalk... 

Androg ynous.— Applied to inflorescences composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers. 

Monoe cious.—Having separate staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant. 

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