Group disodium

A.lkyl Sulfosuccinate Half Asters. These detergents are prepared by reaction of maleic anhydride and a primary fatty alcohol, followed by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite. A typical member of this group is disodium lauryl sulfosucciaate [26838-05-1]. Although not known as effective foamers, these surfactants can boost foams and act as stabilizers when used ia combination with other anionic surfactants. In combination with alkyl sulfates, they are said to reduce the irritation effects of the latter (6). 

Solvent for Displacement Reactions. As the most polar of the common aprotic solvents, DMSO is a favored solvent for displacement reactions because of its high dielectric constant and because anions are less solvated in it (87). Rates for these reactions are sometimes a thousand times faster in DMSO than in alcohols. Suitable nucleophiles include acetyUde ion, alkoxide ion, hydroxide ion, azide ion, carbanions, carboxylate ions, cyanide ion, hahde ions, mercaptide ions, phenoxide ions, nitrite ions, and thiocyanate ions (31). Rates of displacement by amides or amines are also greater in DMSO than in alcohol or aqueous solutions. Dimethyl sulfoxide is used as the reaction solvent in the manufacture of high performance, polyaryl ether polymers by reaction of bis(4,4 -chlorophenyl) sulfone with the disodium salts of dihydroxyphenols, eg, bisphenol A or 4,4 -sulfonylbisphenol (88). These and related reactions are made more economical by efficient recycling of DMSO (89). Nucleophilic displacement of activated aromatic nitro groups with aryloxy anion in DMSO is a versatile and useful reaction for the synthesis of aromatic ethers and polyethers (90). 

However, treatment of 4-chloro-3-nitrocoumarin (81) with 2-mercaptophenol (254) provided the product of displacement of the chlorine atom 263. Treatment of compound 263 with triethylamine gave a mixture from which low yields of 266 and 267 were isolated (92ZOR1489). This fact can be explained by the formation of the o-complex 264. This complex is stabilized by carbonyl group participation and therefore an equilibrium of 263 and 265 can be expected. This is in accordance with the formed products (Scheme 41). A similar situation was described earlier for the reaction of 4,5-dichloropyridazin-6(17/)-one with the disodium salt of 2-mercaptophenol (82JHC1447). 

A common reaction sequence is shown in the schemes printed above. The sulfosuccinate monoesters are produced by a two-step reaction. In the first step 1 mol of maleic anhydride is reacted with a hydroxyl group-bearing component. In the second step the monoester is reacted with sodium sulfite (or sodium bisulfite) to form the disodium alkyl sulfosuccinate. At the so-called halfester stage, there are two possibilities for an electrophilic attack [61] (Michael-type reaction) at the double bond (Scheme 6). Reactivity differences between the two vinylic carbons should be very small, so that probably an exclusive formation of one single regioisomer can be excluded. 

The highly reactive compound disodium 4,4,-bis(dichlorotriazinylamino) stilbene-2,2 -disulphonate (7.126 known as DAST or T-DAS), an important intermediate in the manufacture of stilbene-type fluorescent brightening agents (section 11.6.1), has been evaluated recently as a crosslinking agent for the fixation of dyes with nucleophilic groups. Compound 7.126 was applied to cotton simultaneously with the hydrolysed form of Cl... 

Irradiation of a-D-glucose 6-(disodium phosphate)188 (100) yields products that retain the phosphate group (see Table XXIV) but are otherwise the same as those formed from irradiation of D-glucose itself (see Table XII). Photolysis of a-D-glucosyl (dipotassium phosphate)... 

Inorganic arsenicals such as arsenic trioxide, sodium arsenite, lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and Paris Green have been used for many years as soil sterilants. Organic arsenical herbicides, in which the organic group is bonded directly to the arsenic atom, have been used extensively for post-emergence control of weeds in cotton. Several of the more important herbicides are sodium cacodylate (monosodium dimethylarsenic acid) and sodium salts of methane arsonic acid. The latter compounds exist in two principal forms the monosodium salt (MSMA) at pH6.4 and the disodium salt (DSMA) at pH10.2. 

Simultaneously with Hansa Yellow G, compound 84 was first described as early as 1909 by Farbenfabriken Bayer. Its preparation starts from l-amino-4-bro-moanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (bromamine acid) 85. Dimerization is achieved through the Ullmann reaction, i.e., treatment with fine-grain copper powder in dilute sulfuric acid at 75°C. The separated intermediate, the disodium salt of 4,4 -diamino-l,l -dianthraquinonyl-3,3 -disulfonic acid 86, is heated to 135 to 140°C in the presence of 80% sulfuric acid in order to cleave the sulfonic acid groups [7] ... 

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is frequently symbolized H4Y, and the disodium salt, Na2H2Y. The hydrogens in these formulas are the acidic hydrogens associated with the carboxyl groups, as in any weak organic carboxylic acid they dissociate from the EDTA ion in a series of equilibrium steps ... 

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