Ground water techniques

The most commonly used remediation technique for the recovery of organic contaminants from ground water has been pump- and-treat, which recovers contaminants dissolved in the aqueous phase. In this regard, the application of carbon adsorption has found extensive, but not exclusive use. Vacuum extraction (also called soil venting) has also become popular for removal of volatile organic contaminants from the unsaturated zone in the gaseous phase. Both of these techniques can, in the initial remediation phase, rapidly recover contaminants at concentrations approximately equal to the solubility limit (pump-and-treat), or the maximum gas phase concentration of the contaminant (vacuum extraction). The... 

Select an electroanalytical technique most suitable for detecting trace levels of nickel in ground water. Justify this choice. 

Dixon B (2005) Applicability of neuro-ftizzy techniques in predicting ground-water vulnerability a GIS-based sensitivity analysis. J Hydrol 309 17-38... 

The technology for in situ biological treatment for soil is similar to that for in situ biological ground-water treatment. The following sections present three newly developed techniques. 

Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear techniques in ground-water hydrology, In Ground-water studies, UNESCO, Paris, Sections 10.1-10.4, 38 p., 1973. 

Parkhurst, D., Kipp, K., Engesgaard, P., Charlton, S. 2004. PHAST - A program for simulating ground-water flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A8. 

Double-cell system, in soil and ground water treatment, 25 835 Double crucible technique, 11 135-136 Double-deck kiln, 15 530 Double-drum dryers, 9 134 Double-drum separator, 15 446 Double-effect distillation, 10 153 Double end point titration method,... 

Donley, J. W. and Jamison, T. P., 1995, Simple Techniques for Estimating the Age of Ground-water Contamination In 50th Purdue Waste Conference Proceedings, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, pp. 75-86. 

Testa, S. M., 1990, Hydrocarbon Product Characterization Applications and Techniques In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association of Groundwater Scientists and Engineers Fourth Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods, May, 1990. 

Hughes, J. R, Sullivan, C. R., and Zinner, R. E., 1988, Two Techniques for Determining the True Hydrocarbon Thickness in an Unconfined Sandy Aquifer In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and the American Petroleum Institute Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection and Restoration, Vol. I, November, pp. 291-314. 

Ahlfeld, D. P. and Sawyer, C. S., 1990, Well Location in Capture Zone Design Using Simulation and Optimization Techniques Ground Water, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 507-512. 

For the detection, gas chromatography (GC) [15,18-20, 28] and liquid chromatography (LC) [14—16, 21, 22, 24, 26-29] coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have been the techniques most frequently used in the determination of pesticides in ground water. Examples of the application of both techniques in the area of study, Catalonia, are the work of Garrido et al. [17], who used GC-MS and GC with electron capture detection (ECD) for the analysis of 44 pesticides in groundwater samples from Catalonia and that of Kampioti et al. [25], who used online SPE-LC-MS/MS to analyse 20 pesticides in river water and... 

GROUND-WATER RESTORATION Subsurface Effects of Contaminant Mobility Physical Containment Techniques Hydrodynamic Controls... 

Well use, mixing of high level environmental water with deep ground water, permeability, and storage time are potential problems which can be evaluated with careful sampling techniques and hydrogeological methods of analyzing the data. These topics will be the subject of later studies. 

Isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen are useful tracers of water sources because they are constituents of the water molecule itself and because they are conservative in aquifers at near-surface temperatures. Isotopic techniques take advantage of the fact that lakes and their surrounding ground-water systems are usually isotopically distinct. Applications of stable isotopes for the study of lakes were first described by Dincer (10) and were discussed in several subsequent review articles (11-14). Most applications of isotopic techniques to lake systems are designed for the determination of water balances, nutrient-uptake studies, and paleotemperature reconstructions. 

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