Characterization applications

Two useful characterization applications involving acid-base titrimetry are the determination of equivalent weight, and the determination of acid-base dissociation constants. 

Equivalent Weights Acid-base titrations can be used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of matter. One simple example is the determination of the equivalent weighf of acids and bases. In this method, an accurately weighed sample of a pure acid or base is titrated to a well-defined equivalence point using a mono-protic strong acid or strong base. If we assume that the titration involves the transfer of n protons, then the moles of titrant needed to reach the equivalence point is given as 

Since the actual number of protons transferred between the analyte and titrant is uncertain, we define the analyte s equivalent weight (EW) as the apparent formula weight when = 1. The true formula weight, therefore, is an integer multiple of the calculated equivalent weight. 

if we titrate a monoprotic weak acid with a strong base, the EW and FW are identical. If the weak acid is diprotic, however, and we titrate to its second equivalence point, the FW will be twice as large as the EW. 

2521-g sample of an unknown weak acid is titrated with a 0.1005 M solution of NaOH, requiring 42.68 mL to reach the phenolphthalein end point. Determine the compound s equivalent weight. Which of the following compounds is most likely to be the unknown weak acid  

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Although similar to chemical kinetic methods of analysis, radiochemical methods are best classified as nuclear kinetic methods. In this section we review the kinetics of radioactive decay and examine several quantitative and characterization applications. 

One example of a characterization application is the determination of a sample s age based on the kinetics for the decay of a radioactive isotope present in the sample. The most common example is carbon-14 dating, which is used to determine the age of natural organic materials. 

From a knowledge of the crystal structure it is possible to calculate selection rules for each orientation position and thus gain considerable insight into the vibrational motions of the crystal. The interpretation of such spectra, which show a lot of detail, goes well beyond characterization applications. ... 

Klabimde KJ, Cardenas-Trivino G (1996) In FurstnerA (ed) Active metals preparation, characterization, applications. VCH, Weinheim pp. 237-277... 

Bonnemann, H. and Brijoux, W. (1996) Catalytically active metal powders and colloids, in Active Metals Preparation, Characterization, Applications (ed A. Fiirstner,), VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 339-379. 

Testa, S. M., 1990, Hydrocarbon Product Characterization Applications and Techniques In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association of Groundwater Scientists and Engineers Fourth Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods, May, 1990. 

There are 22 chapters in the book and they cover the most important aspects of polymers as drugs, prodrugs, dmg delivery systems, and in situ prostheses. The major features promulgated are synthesis, derivatization, degradation, characterization, application, and evaluation techniques as well as new biodegradable materials, assemblies, hydrogels, telechelic polymers, derivatized polysaccharides, micro- and nanoparticles, mimetic... 

Prucker O, Konradi R, Schimmel M, Habicht J, Park I-J, Riihe J (2004) In Advin-cula RC, Brittain WJ, Caster KC, Riihe J (eds) Polymer Brushes Synthesis, Characterization, Applications. Wiley, Weinheim, p 449-469... 

Agitation levels 6 and 8 characterize applications where the solids-suspension levels approach uniformity. Agitators capable of scale levels of 6 will Provide concentration uniformity of solids to 95% of the fluid-batch height Be suitable for slurry draw-off up to 80% of fluid-batch height. 

Agitation levels 9 and 10 characterize applications where the solid-suspension uniformity is the maximum practical. Agitators capable of scale levels of 9 and 10 will a. Provide slurry uniformity of solids to 98% of the fluid-batch height b. Be suitable for slurry drawoff by means of overflow... 

Dautzenberg H, Jaeger W, KOtz J, Philipp B, Seidel C, Stscherbina D (1994) Polyelectrolytes. Formation, characterization, application. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munchen... 

The important criterion characterizing applicators is the maximum electrical field strength generated within the material. It is worth stressing that it is possible to map the field... 

One important influence in the formation of a good adhesive bond is surface or interfacial chemistry. In the broader sense, in which two substances are held together by interfacial forces, adhesion is of importance in many technologies such as in thin films and semiconductors. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss ion beam methods of surface characterization applicable to the broad area of adhesion with emphasis on adhesive bonding. 

Active Metals Preparation, Characterization, Applications. (Edit. Furstner, A.) VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1996. 

For a monograph containing detailed procedures for the preparation and handling of such reagents see Active metals. Preparation, characterization, applications (ed. A. Fiirstner) VCH Weinheim, 1996. 

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