Pesticides ground water

Garrido T, Fraile J, Ninerola JM et al (2000) Survey of ground water pesticide pollution in rural areas of Catalonia (Spain). Int J Environ Anal Chem 78 51-65... 

While both industrial and agricultural chemicals have been found in California ground waters, pesticides injected beneath the soil surface to control nematodes are a particular concern. The nematicide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), which was banned in California in 1977, is the most serious example of this problem in California (1-2). Figure 1 shows the increase between 1979 and 1984 in the number of wells found to contain measurable quantities of DBCP. As of April 1984, 2522 wells contained DBCP, with over half these wells (1455) having concentrations in excess of 1.0 part per billion, the current California "action level". 

U.S. EPA, Method SCI-Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus Containing Pesticides in Ground Water hy GCj NPD, draft, Apr. 15, 1988 available from U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1988. 

J. S. Briskin, Mechanisms of Pesticide Movement into Ground Water, Lewis Pubhshers, Boca Raton, Ela., 1994, pp. 143. 

Example 6-2 The following standard addition plot was obtained for a competitive electrochemical enzyme immunoassay of the pesticide 2,4-D. A ground water sample (diluted 1 20 was subsequently assayed by the same protocol to yield a current signal of 65 nA. Calculate the concentration of 2,4-D in the original sample. 

EPA. 1988c. Pesticides in ground water database. 1988 interim report. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA 540/09-89-036. 

J.E. Barbash and E.A. Resek, Pesticides in Ground Water, Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors. Ann Arbor Science Press, Chelsea, MI (1996). 

The chemical preservation of a sample is dependent on the chemistry of the ground-water (e.g., pH) and on the chemical characteristics of the pesticide being studied. Preservatives can be added to the sample containers in the field or prepared in advance at the laboratory. To determine the need for a chemical preservative in the field (i.e., pH analyses), test the groundwater collected during the purging process and not the sample collected for analysis. 

S.Z. Cohen, S.M. Creeger, R.F. Carsel, and C.G. Enfield, Potential for pesticide contamination of ground water from agricultural uses, in Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes, ed. R.F. Krueger and J.N. Seiber, ACS Symposium Series No. 259, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 18, pp. 318-319 (1984). 

Pesticides contaminate not only surface water, but also ground water and aquifers. By 1990 in the USSR, 15% of all pesticides used were detected in underground water [29]. Pesticides were detected in 86% of samples of underground water in Ukraine in 1986-87 (including DDT and its metabolites, HCH, dimethoate, phosalone, methyl parathion, malathion, trichlorfon, simazin, atrazine, and prometrin). In actual fact, the number of pesticides was apparently larger, but the laboratory was able to determine the content of only 30 of the 200 pesticides used at that time in Ukraine [29]. In the 1960s, in the Tashkent and Andizhan oblasts of Uzbekistan, the methylmercaptophos content in the water of studied well shafts was, by clearly underestimated data, 0.03 mg/l (MPC was 0.01 mg/l), of DDT was 0.6 mg/l (MPC was 0.1 mg/ I), and of HCH was 0.41 mg/l (MPC was 0.02 mg/l) [A49]. 

It is estimated that groundwater is the source of drinking water for 90% of rural households and three-quarters of all US cities. In total, more than one-half of the US citizens rely on ground water for their everyday needs. Because of the amount of information indicating the presence of pesticides in ground-water in the different US states [ 148], a joint research project between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) s Office of Drinking Water and the Office of Pesticide... 

For the determination of chlorinated pesticides in ground water by extraction with ... 

US-EPA (1987) US Environmental Protection Agency, Agricultural chemicals in ground water proposed pesticide strategy. US EPA, Washington, DC,p 1... 

R93002 A Review of Methods for Assessing Aquifer Sensitivity and Ground Water Vulnerability to Pesticide Contamination 600483039 Addendum to Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation, EPA-600/4-82-029... 

The reproductive systems of both males and females can be harmed by particular chemicals. In males certain chemicals cause the testes to atrophy and reduce or eliminate their capacity to produce sperm. Particularly striking in this regard is a now banned but once widely used pesticide called DBCP, residues of which persist in ground water supplies in a few regions of the country. Its pronounced impact on spermatogenesis is readily detectable in experimental animals and, unfortunately, has also been observed in some men once occupation-ally exposed to large amounts. The heavy metal cadmium is another substance effective at reducing sperm production. 

U.S. EPA. Pesticides in ground water background document. Office of Gronnd-Water Protection, 1986. 

For the detection, gas chromatography (GC) [15,18-20, 28] and liquid chromatography (LC) [14—16, 21, 22, 24, 26-29] coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have been the techniques most frequently used in the determination of pesticides in ground water. Examples of the application of both techniques in the area of study, Catalonia, are the work of Garrido et al. [17], who used GC-MS and GC with electron capture detection (ECD) for the analysis of 44 pesticides in groundwater samples from Catalonia and that of Kampioti et al. [25], who used online SPE-LC-MS/MS to analyse 20 pesticides in river water and... 

Pesticide levels often exceed the requirements posed by the Ground Water Directive (2006/118/EC), thus constituting a serious threat to ground water quality. This becomes especially relevant in those cases in which groundwater are used as human supply source. Of particular concern is the fact that the commercialisation of formulations containing some of the most commonly found pesticides, such as triazines (atrazine, simazine, etc.), lindane have been aheady banned in Europe. 

The above described situation deserves two final comments First of all, the need of keeping extensive monitoring campaigns for the control of pesticides in ground-water as the only reliable basis to assess quality status, and secondly, it must be... 

Toxic contamination of water by pesticides can result from leaching through the soil profile into ground water, by surface runoff, by erosion of eontaminated soil particles, or direetly by pestieide applieation close to surface waters. For a comprehensive evaluation of the risk of pestieide residues to the environment, the OECD (1997) recommends a risk as well as a state approach within the framework of environmental indicators. 

Horticulture Pit. The horticulture pit was constructed in 1969-70 and has been in continuous use since that time. The 8.8 x 3.4 m concrete pit has an average depth of 1 m and has been filled with alternate 30 cm layers of gravel and soil as shown in Figure 1. The soil is a silt loam (Clarion-Nicolett-Webster) characteristic of Central Iowa. A cover closes automatically to prevent precipitation from entering. A tile system constructed below the concrete floor of the pit connects to a sump for sampling of the ground water. The 30,000 L pit has had over 30 kg of more than 40 different pesticides deposited since beginning operation. 

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