Griseofulvin acid

Grisans. HGl passed into a soln. of 1.4 g. rac-griseofulvin in abs. methanol 1.05 g. rac-isogriseofulvin, 2.0 g. dissolved in dioxane, 0.1 M Na-carbonate soln. added, and refluxed 15 min. 1.6 g. rac-griseofulvinic acid.—This two-stage procedure gives a better overall yield than the direct hydrolysis of rac-griseofulvin. A. Brossi et al., Helv. 43, 2071 (1960). 

DMF crystallization pORMIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES - DITffiTHYLFORMAMIDE] pol 11) Griseofulvin [1403-70-9]... 

It iaterferes with the synthesis of the hyphal walls, the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, and the synthesis of chitin. The iateraction with microtubules has also been described. The sensitivity of a cell seems to depend particularly on the abiUty to form griseofulvin—nucleic acid complexes. Further information concerning griseofulvin is available (21). 

Fig. 22 Dissolution fates of various griseofulvin and gri-seofulvin-succinic acid samples as determined by the oscillating bottle method. , griseofulvin, crystalline A, griseofulvin, micronized , eutectic mixture 0> physical mixture at eutectic composition , solid solution A, physical mixture at solid solution composition. The dashed line indicates the equilibrium solubility of griseofulvin in water. (From Ref. 41.).

Neutral molecules show a range of retention properties between those of acids and bases. Progesterone membrane retention is very high in all cases. Griseofulvin and carbamazepine retention steeply increase with phospholipid content. The patterns of retention follow the lipophilicity properties of the molecules, as indicated by octanol-water apparent partition coefficients (Table 7.4). 

A wine red color is produced when about 5 mg of griseofulvin are dissolved in 1 ml of sulfuric acid with about 5 mg of powdered potassium dichromate (29). 

A colorimetric assay of griseofulvin, based on the yellow-orange color (Xmax=420 nm) which develops when griseofulvin is heated with isonicotinic acid hydrazide in alkaline medium has been described by Unterman (35) and the mechanism investigated by Unterman and Duca (36). 

Iodometric analysis has been applied to the determination of griseofulvin in stages of the manufacturing process (37). The mycelium is extracted with chloroform and the analysis carried out in alcoholic solution. The 0.01N iodine solution is standardized with griseofulvic acid. 

Examples of solvent-mediated transformation monitoring include the conversion of anhydrous citric acid to the monohydrate form in water [235,236], CBZ with water [237] and ethanol-water mixtures [238,239], and cocrystallization studies of CBZ, caffeine, and theophylline with water [240]. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the crystallization rate and solute and solvent concentrations as griseofulvin was removed from an acetone solution using supercritical CO2 as an antisolvent [241]. Progesterone s crystallization profile was monitored as antisolvent was added [242]. 

Many natural aromatic compounds are produced from the cyclization of poly- -keto chains by enzymic aldol and Claisen reactions. Examples include simple structures like orsellinic acid and phloracetophenone, and more complex highly modified structures of medicinal interest, such as mycophenolic acid, used as an immunosuppressant drug, the antifungal agent griseofulvin, and antibiotics of the tetracycline group, e.g. tetracycline itself. 

Essentially the same sort of enolate anion aldol and Claisen reactions occur in the production of the more complex structures mycophenolic acid, griseofulvin, and tetracycline. However, the final structure is only obtained after a series of further modifications. 

The most widespread are dermatophytic fungal infections, which include skin, hair, and nails. Most infections can be cured by using topical drugs, such as tolnaftate, undecylenic acid, haloprogin, clotrimazole, and miconazole. Griseofulvin is used orally for deep infections, in particular for infections of the nail bed. Currently, ketoconazole is widely used for treating chronic dermatophytes. 

Drugs that may affect barbiturates include alcohol, charcoal, chloramphenicol, MAO inhibitors, rifampin, and valproic acid. Drugs that may be affected by barbiturates include acetaminophen, anticoagulants, beta blockers, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, clonazepam, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, digitoxin, doxorubicin, doxycycline, felodipine, fenoprofen, griseofulvin, hydantoins, methoxyflurane, metronidazole, narcotics, phenmetrazine, phenylbutazone, quinidine, theophylline, and verapamil. 

Erkel, G. (1997) Fusidic acid, griseofulvin and pleuromutilin. In Fungal Biotechnology. Anke, T. ed.. Chapman Hall, London, pp. 128-35. 

Finally, another type of ring opening is given by griseofulvin (6), which is degraded (KMn04/acetone) to the acid 431.88i,88a... 

In contrast to the well documented conjugate addition of carbon nucleophiles to activated alkenes, similar intermolecular attempts with activated alkynes with non-cuprate reactants are typically non-productive due to competing multiple addition processes.87 6 However, protic intramolecular conjugate additions of ketones as shown for the syntheses of griseofulvin and hirsutic acid,222 are successful. Recently, several aprotic intramolecular conjugate additions to activated alkynes have been reported, as... 

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