Polymer green synthesis

Green polymer synthesis—environmentally benign methods for preparing polymers (Section 30.8)... 

Green polymer synthesis using starting materials derived from renewable resources (rather than petroleum) is discussed in Section 30.8. 

Problem 22.34 Polylactic add (PLA) has received much recent attention because the lactic acid monomer [CH3CH(0H)C00H] from which it is made can be obtained from carbohydrates rather than petroleum. This makes PLA a more environmentally friendly polyester. (A more in-depth discussion of green polymer synthesis is presented in Section 30.8.) Draw the structure of PLA. 

To date, green polymer synthesis has been approached in a variety of ways ... 

Synthetic polymers are arguably the most important materials made by chemists and used in modem society. Chapter 30 Synthetic Polymers expands on the foundations of polymers discussed in earlier Chapters 15 and 22. Of significance is emphasis on the environmental impact of polymer synthesis and use, discussed in sections on Green Polymer Synthesis (30.8), Polymer Recycling and Disposal (Section 30.9A), and Biodegradable Polymers (Section 30.9B). 

Green polymer synthesis—the preparation of polymers by environmentally friendly methods using starting materials that are not derived from petroleum—is an active area of research. One example is the polymerization of tulipalin A, a natural product derived from tulips, to afford polytulipalin. Polytulipalin has properties similar to some petroleum-derived polymers, but its availability from a natural source has made It a possible attractive alternative to these polymers. Polymerization occurs in the presence of a strong base (B ), and each new C-C bond in polytulipalin is formed by a Michael reaction. Draw a stepwise mechanism for the formation of one C-C bond in polytulipalin. (See Section 30.8 for other aspects of green polymer chemistry.)... 

Kobayashi S (2011) Green polymer synthesis using enzyme catalysts. In Misraio M, Murahashi S (eds) Green chemistry - chemistry for sustainable society. Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo, pp 192-203... 

Kobayashi S, Makino A (2009) Enzymatic polymer synthesis an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 109 5288-5353... 

The use of RTILs in polymer synthesis and processing has significantly increased during the last decade and this has resulted in reviews and symposia dedicated to the topic.However, the field is less advanced than polymerizations in other green media such as water and SCCO2. Reactions that have... 

In addition to this experimental evidence for the existence of keto defects, a significant impact on the photophysical properties of the corresponding polymers could be identified (see Fig. 3). While the monoalkylated polymers exhibited a strong contribution of the green emission band in solution and, in particular, in the solid state after polymer synthesis, the corresponding greenish emission was not found in the pristine dialkylated polyfluorene. In the latter case, the low-energy emission band was only observed after photo-, electro-, or thermooxidative stress. 

Guerrero-Sanchez C, Lobert M, Hoogenboom R et al (2007) Microwave-assisted homogeneous polymerizations in water-soluble ionic liquids an alternative and green approach for polymer synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 28 456 64... 

General reviews of polymer biocatalysis can be found in (a) Cheng, H.N., and Gross, R.A. (eds) (2008) Polymer Biocatalysis and Biomaterials II, ACS Symposium Series 999, American Chemical Society. (b) Cheng, H.N., and Gross, R.A. (eds) (2005) Polymer Biocatalysis and Biomaterials, ACS Symposium Series 900, American Chemical Society. (c) Kobayashi, S., and Makino, A. (2009) Enzymatic polymer synthesis an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem. Rev., 109, 5288-5353. (d) Kobayashi, S Uyama, H., and Kimura, S. (2001) Enzymatic polymerization. Chem. Rev.,... 

Biocatalytic approaches in polymer synthesis have to include an optimized combination of biotechnological with classical processes. Therefore, this book starts with a thorough review on the sustainable, green synthesis of monomeric materials (Chapter 1). While few of the monomers presented in this chapter have been used in enzymatic polymerizations so far, the examples given could provide inspiration to use sustainable monomers more often in the future for enzymatic polymerizations and also for classical approaches. 

In the case of biomedical applications, metallic impurities coming from the organo-metallic catalysts of ROP may be of concern, because they can accumulate within matrix remnants after degradation [26]. A recent strategy to reduce such problems and to shift polymer synthesis further towards green chemistry is the use of enzymes as catalysts. Kobayashi and Makino [27] published a... 

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