Green environmental aspects

All the plants mentioned are operating with membranes based on hollow fiber polyimides or spiral-wound CA, which is considered proven technology. The environmental aspect related to CO2 as a green house gas has triggered the development of better membranes for CO2 removal—this is more closely discussed in Section 5.2.3. 

It is clear from the above that there is a long way before photochemistry acquires an important role in industrial chemistry. However, there are in fact some peculiar characteristics in these reactions that makes them indeed green , or at least suitable candidates for green procedures. Therefore, it may be expected that as far as concern about the environmental aspects of chemical synthesis grows, application of photochemistry will take a more important role. 

Supercritical fluid chromatography and related teehnologies offer the opportunity for pharmaceutical companies to become more green (environmentally friendly). It remains to be see if this aspect will be embraeed or simply receive lip service. The financial incentives are very real, however, which is likely to continue the trend toward greater penetration of SEC in drug discovery and development. 

The number of reaction steps involved, environmental aspects - greenness . 

Recognizing whether a solvent is actually green. All aspects need to be considered its cumulative energy demand and environmental and workplace health and safety in manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. 

Malone, M.F., Huss, R.S., Doherty, M.F. (2003) Green Chemical Engineering Aspects of Reactive Distillation. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 5325-5329. 

The writing of this book was undertaken because it was intended to be the first work that solely focuses on chemistry, and what appropriate metrics for Green Chemistry might be. We hope the book provides an up-to-date and authoritative text on the current development of environmental concepts in chemical technologies from clean and green to sustainable development. We also think it provides up-to-date information on the problems of metrics fundamental aspects of metrics, practical realisations and real-world case study examples. The concepts and approaches of metrics are related to the fundamental problems in chemistry and the main focus is on the use of metrics to promote the development and implementation of green chemistry and technology solutions. 

Wasik, J. E. (1993). The green supermarket shopping guide. New York, Warner Books. Widegren, Orjan. (1998). Environmentally friendly behaviour as collective action Some aspects of non-rational motivation. Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning 39(2) 231-258. 

Cyanobacteria toxins are toxins produced by certain species of blue-green algae that have become a major environmental and public health concern. The behavior of cyanotoxins during chlorination treatment has been recently reviewed by Merel et al. [129]. Chlorination DBFs have been reported only for the hepatotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin. Other cyanotoxins, such as nodularins, saxitoxins, and anatoxins, have yet to be investigated. Different isomers of six chlorination products of microcystin-LR have been characterized dihydroxy-microcystin, monochloro-microcystin, monochloro-hydroxy-microcystin, monochloro-dihydroxy-microcystin, dichloro-dihydroxy-microcystin, and trichloro-hydroxy-microcystin. Only two chlorination DBFs have been reported so far for cylindrospermopsin 5-chloro-cylindros-permopsin and cylindrospermopsic acid [129]. Chlorination of microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, and nodularins seems to reduce the mixture toxicity however, this aspect has not been extensively studied [129]. 

Perhaps, a more important reason for the little research in this particular area is the slow reaction rate associated with acid catalysis in general. However, the ability of solid acids to catalyze both esterification and transesterification reactions simultaneously and the possibility for employing catalysts that are reusable and green, meaning that they do not pose a great environmental threat, are attractive aspects that make the study of these materials imperative. 

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