Gravity influence

Mechanosensing is used to describe the process by which cells sense mechanical forces. Mechanochemical transduction is the phrase that is used to try to describe the biological processes by which external forces such as gravity influence the biochemical and genetic responses of cells and tissues. Specifically, these responses include stimulation of cell proliferation or apoptosis (death) and synthesis or catabolism of components of the extracellular matrix. These processes cause either increases in chemical energy (conversion of amino acids or other small molecules into macromolecules) or decreases in chemical energy (depolymerization of macromolecules). 

The force of gravity influences the measurement of critical temperature. Some have suggested that accurate measurements of the critical temperature must be made in the absence of gravity, such as in an orbiting satellite. This experiment has not yet been performed. 

Gravity influences the vertical motion of the projectile, causing vertical acceleration. The horizontal motion of the projectile is the result of the tendency of any object in motion to remain in motion at constant velocity. (Remember, there are no horizontal forces acting upon the projectile. By definition, gravity is the only force acting upon the projectile.)... 

Obviously, in a container, a straight surface always has the minimum area, t If the gravity influence was omitted. 

During experimental processes of each model, the silicone oil in the reservoir is added up to different heights to observe how the gravity influences the flowing. The heights () of the silicone oil in the reservoir are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5cm. To ensure the accuracy and reprodnction of the experimental results, each setting of experiment is executed more than five times and the... 

Tig. 7.8 A box sliding down a slope under the influence of gravity is subject to the constraint that it must remain or the slope. The constraint force C acts perpendicular to the direction of motion. 

Ethylene. Under the influence of pressure and a catalyst, ethylene yields a white, tough but flexible waxy sohd, known as Polythene. Polyethylene possesses excellent electric insulation properties and high water resistance it has a low specific gravity and a low softening point (about 110°). The chemical inertness oi Polythene has found application in the manufacture of many items of apparatus for the laboratory. It is a useful lubricant for ground glass connexions, particularly at relatively high temperatures. 

The windows in some medieval cathedrals show greater thickness at the bottom than at the top, owing to the slow flow of the glass under the influence of gravity. 

Every method, with the exception of imaging technologies, provides the measurement of an equivalent spherical diameter in one form or another. The spherical diameter information can be deduced indirectiy from the behavior of the particles passing through restricted volumes or channels under the influence of gravity or centrifugal force fields, and from interaction with many forms of radiation. 

The API gravity of tar sand bitumen varies from 5 to ca 10°API, depending on the deposit, and the viscosity is very high. Whereas conventional cmde oils may have a high (>100 MPa-s(=cP)) viscosity at 40°C, tar sand bitumen has a viscosity on the order of 10-100 kPa-s(10 -10 P) at formation temperature (ca 0—10°C), depending on the season. This offers a formidable obstacle to bitumen recovery and, as a result of the high viscosity, bitumen is relatively nonvolatile under conditions of standard distillation (Table 4) (12,13), which influences choice of the upgrading process. 

The term load means either mass or force, depending on its use. A load that produces a vertically downward force because of the influence of gravity acting on a mass may be expressed in mass units. Any other load is expressed in force units. 

Falling Films When a hquid is distributed uniformly around the peripheiy at the top of a vertical tube (either inside or outside) and allowed to fall down the tube wall by the influence of gravity, the fluid... 

Dilute This is a fully expanded condition in which the solids particles are so widely separated that they exert essentially no influence upon each other. Specifically, the solids phase is so fuUy dispersed in the gas that the den sity of the suspension is essentially that of the gas phase alone (Fig. 12-29). Commonly, this situation exists when the gas velocity at all points in the system exceeds the terminal setthng velocity of the solids and the particles can be lifted and continuously conveyed by the gas however, this is not always true. Gravity settling chambers such as prilling towers and countercurrent-flow spray diy-ers are two exceptions in which gas velocity is insufficient to entrain the sohds completely. 

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