Graphics standards descriptions

Individual plasma concentrations of XYZ1234 were tabulated together with standard descriptive statistics. Individual and median profiles were presented graphically. 

Descriptive statistics. A series of physical measurements can be described numerically. If for example, we have recorded the concentration of 1000 different samples in a research problem, it is not possible to provide the user with a table giving all 1000 results. In this case, it is normal to summarize the main trends. This can be done not only graphically, but also by considering the overall parameters such as mean and standard deviation, skewness etc. Specific values can be used to give an overall picture of a set of data. 

The heights of the bars or columns usually represent the mean values for the various groups, and the T-shaped extension denotes the standard deviation (SD), or more commonly, the standard error of the mean (discussed in more detail in Section 7.3.2.3). Especially if the standard error of the mean is presented, this type of graph tells us very litde about the data - the only descriptive statistic is the mean. In contrast, consider the box and whisker plot (Figure 7.2) which was first presented in Tukey s book Exploratory Data Analysis. The ends of the whiskers are the maximum and minimum values. The horizontal line within the central box is the median, fhe value above and below which 50% of the individual values lie. The upper limit of the box is the upper or third quartile, the value above which 25% and below which 75% of fhe individual values lie. Finally, the lower limit of the box is the lower or first quartile, the values above which 75% and below which 25% of individual values lie. For descriptive purposes this graphical presentation is very informative in giving information about the distribution of the data. 

The description methods used for defining the information structure, veilidation, and test methods as well as implementation methods ate standardized. The object-oriented modeling language EXPRESS as wen as its graphical form EXPRESS-G are implemented for the presentation of the information structures (Scholz-Reiter 1991). Validation and test methods define the specifications with which the STEP processors are examined. The following elements are included in partial models of the generic resources ... 

Web-. The Internet de facto standard, consisting of a transport protocol called HM, a document format description standard called HTML, and a variety of graphic and video standards, so that users can access linked multimedia documents placed on Web servers fi om anywhere... 

Details of statistical analyses for potential toxicities that should be explicitly considered for all products and AEs of special interest Aiialyses for these events will in general be more comprehensive than for standard safety parameters. These analyses may include subject-year adjusted rates, Cox proportional hazards analysis of time to first event, and Kaplan-Meier curves. Detailed descriptions of the models would typically be provided. For example, if Cox proportional hazards analysis is specified, a detailed description of the model(s) that will be used should be provided. This would generally include study as a stratification factor, covariates, and model selection techniques. More advanced methods, such as multiple events models or competing risk analyses, should be described if used (as appropriate). It is recommended that graphical methods also be employed, for example, forest plot and risk-over-time plot (Xia et al., 2011). 

The S88.1 standard does not specify any languages for configuring and describe the recipe sequence and it is not until S88.2 that this language was defined. However, many suppliers include the lEC 1131-3 standard in the sequential control configuration. The reason for this is that SFC is easy to configure and to understand because it represents graphically the states and transitions. SFC is the basis of the Procedural function Charts, the language defined in the S88.2 for recipe description [20],... 

One-Line Diagram. There is no industrywide standard for the graphic description of electric systems, but most designers use a one-hne diagram. 

One important aspect of using graphics is the ability to produce hardcopy -- that is, to print it. Here, there seems to be only one logical choice PostScript [18]. This page description language is widely used in the HEP community and is a de facto industry standard many software vendors provide for PostScript output from their i)rograms. PostScript supports color, and has the merit that the files are ASCII, and so can readily be transported, and can even be edited. 

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