Grape, resveratrol

Grapes, resveratrol in 920 Graphitized carbon black (GCB) 947 Groundnuts, resveratrol in 920 Ground water, analysis of 946... 

Romero-Perez AI, Ibern-Gomez M, Lamuela-Raventos RM and de la Torre-Boronat MC. 1999. Piceid, the major resveratrol derivative in grape juices. J Agric Food Chem 47(4) 1533—1536. 

Romero-Perez AI, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Andres-Lacueva C and Torre-Boronat MC. 2001. Method for the quantitative extraction of resveratrol and piceid isomers in grape berry skins. Effect of powdery mildew on the stilbene content. J Agric Food Chem 49(1) 210-215. 

A similar effect was observed in other fruits and vegetables, where UV-C treated strawberries showed a higher increment of phenols and PAL activity 12 hours after treatment than unirradiated (control)(Pan and others 2004), which could be the reason for the increment in total phenol constituents (Lancaster and others 2000). UV-C and UV-B caused a two- and threefold increase in content of resveratrol (a grape phenol constituent). Thus, mature Napoleon grapes that had been irradiated with UV-C light can provide up to 3 mg of resveratrol per serving (Cantos and others 2001). Therefore, UV-C treatments clearly cause a benefit effect, increasing total phenol content, which can be mainly attributed to the increment of PAL activity. 

Cantos E, Espin JC and Tomas-Barberan FA. 2001. Postharvest induction modeling method using UV irradiation pulses for obtaining resveratrol-enriched table grapes A new functional fruit J Agric Food Chem 49(10) 5052-5058. 

In addition to their possible prooxidant activity (see above) polyphenols and flavonoids may influence cancer cells via their antioxidant properties. Recently, Jang et al. [219] studied cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from grapes (Chapter 29). These authors showed that resveratrol inhibited the development of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-treated mouse mammary glands in culture and inhibited tumorigenesis in a mouse skin cancer model. Flavonoids silymarin and silibinin also exhibited antitumor-promoting effects at the stage I tumor promotion in mouse skin [220] and manifested antiproliferative effects in rat prostate cancer cells [221]. 

Resveratrol is another type of polyphenol, a stilbene derivative, that has assumed greater relevance in recent years as a constituent of grapes and wine, as well as other food products, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and cancer preventative properties. Coupled with the cardiovascular benefits of moderate amounts of alcohol, and the beneficial antioxidant effects of flavonoids, red wine has now emerged as an unlikely but most acceptable medicinal agent. 

Aside from being UV-protectants, in a number of species certain stilbenes act as phytoalexins. Resveratrol (6.24 trans-3,5,4 -trihydroxy-stilbene), its cA-isomer, as well as their glucosides and dehydrodimer mm-e- iniferin (6.25) are present in grape leaves and berries and play a role in the defense against gray rot caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. 

Viniferin is synthesized by a grape peroxidase (Morales et al., 1997). The fungus in return is able to inactivate resveratrol through the action of a laccase-like stilbene oxidase (Breuil et al., 1998). This results in the formation of resveratrol tram-dehydrodimer (6.26), as well as the corresponding cA-dehydrodimer (6.27), both of which structurally resemble viniferin. 

Morales, M, Alcantara, J., and Barcelo, A. R. (1997) Oxidation of trans-resveratrol by a hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme from Gama rouge grape (Vitis vinifera) berries,Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 48 33-38. 

The anti-carcinogenic effects of resveratrol were also tested in vivo, by examination of mammary glands of mice treated with DMBA and TPA. A dose-dependent reduction in the formation of tumors was observed when the mice were treated with resveratrol. Resveratrol is present in high concentrations in the skins of grapes (50-100 pg/g) and, consequently, in red wine (1.5-3 mg/1). Based on these experiments, the consumption of grapes and grape products appears to have beneficial effects. 

G., Moon, R. C., and Pezzuto, J. M., 1997, Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived lfom grapes, Science 275 218-220. 

Resveratrol and piceid are mainly present in grape and grape products, and its composition is affected by grape variety, maturity degree at harvest, fungal... 

Rimando et al., 2004 Sobolev and Cole, 1999 Tokusoglu et al., 2005]. In an adult Spanish cohort resveratrol and piceid, trans and czls-forms, were evaluated. Estimated median and mean of resveratrol and piceid were 100 and 933 pg/day, respectively, of which 98.4, 1.6, and less than 0.1% come from wines, grape and grape juice, and peanuts, pistachios, and berries, respectively [Zamora-Ros et al., 2008]. 

Meng X, Maliakal P, Lu H, Lee MJ, Yang CS. 2004. Urinary and plasma levels of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after ingestion of pure compounds and grape juice. J Agric Food Chem 52 35-942. 

Bertelli AA., Migliori M, Panichi V, Origlia N, Filippi C, Das DK, Giovannini L. 2002. Resveratrol, a component of wine and grapes, in the prevention of kidney disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 957 230-238. 

Cellotti E, Ferrarini R, Zironi R, Conte LS. 1996 Resveratrol content of some wines obtained from dried Valpolicella grapes Recioto and Amarone. J Chromatogr A 730 47-52. 

Chan MM, Mattiacci JA, Hwang HS, Shah A, Fong D. 2000. Synergy between ethanol and grape polyphenols, quercetin, and resveratrol, in the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 60 1539-1548. 

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