Granulation tissue formation

Dose-dependent adverse effects on the skin and mucous membranes are observed most commonly, including cheilitis, mucous membrane dryness, epistaxis, dry eyes, blepharoconjunctivitis, erythematous eruptions, and xerosis. Alteration of epidermal surfaces may facilitate Staphylococcus aureus colonization and, rarely, subsequent infection. Hair loss, exuberant granulation tissue formation, photosensitivity, and dark adaptation dysfunction are rarer occurrences. 

Levene studied the relationship between structure and activity amongst the nitriles and related compounds. Modification of the nitrile group causes loss of activity. Substitution of the amino group usually destroys activity but methyleneaminoacetonitrile is active. Cyanoacetyhydrazide retains about one third of the activity of the aminoacetonitrile. Activity is also present in semicarbazide, hydrazine and several hydrazides, including isoniazid. The inhibitory effect of aminoacetonitrile, iproniazid and semicarbazide on granulation tissue formation has been confirmed . 

Rydell N, Balazs EA. Effect of intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid on the clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis and on granulation tissue formation. Clin Orthop 1971 80 25-32. 

Wetter L, Agren MS, Hallmans G, et al. 1986. Effects of zinc oxide in an occlusive, adhesive dressing on granulation tissue formation. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 20 165-172. 

A prohferating effect on healthy tissue in the wound is due to allantoin and substances that stimulate granulation tissue formation (Prete, 1997). 

Overexpression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces pulmonary granulation tissue formation and fibrosis by induction of transforming growth factor-pi and myofibroblast accumulation (Xing et al. 1997). 

Flavonoids such as baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis and S. lateriflora inhibit pro-inflammatory metabolites including certain prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Quercetin and others are effective inhibitors of the release of histamine induced by various agents. They inhibit a number of stages of inflammation including granulation tissue formation in chronic arthritis (Middleton and Drzewiecki... 

A recent study reported on the placement of 28 Ultraflex stents in 25 patients with respiratory distress due to inoperable airway obstruction (Madden et al. 2002). In this trial, 21 tracheal and seven bronchial stents were placed. The vast majority of patients received covered stents (n=21), the minority uncovered stents (n=7). Of the 25 patients, 20 reported symptomatic improvement after stent implantation. The follow-up period ranged from 3 days to 27 months. Late complications included sputum retention and infection in four patients, halitosis in one patient, and granulation tissue formation in another patient. 

However, the ideal stent has not yet been developed. Such a stent would combine ease of insertion, potential removal, resistance to migration and tumor ingrowth, no or minimal induction of granulation tissue formation, and preservation of mucociliary function. 

Simultaneous delivery VEGF-A and FGF-4 gene therapy leads to significantly faster wound closure, increased granulation tissue formation, vascularity and dermal matrix deposition... 

Hydrocolloids are usually based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), but can include other polysaccharides and proteins as well. These dressings are produced in the form of either a flexible foam or a film containing a layer of hydrocolloid in granule or paste form. Hydrocolloids were first used as treatment for oral lesions. They can adhere to moist surfaces, absorb water and form a protective gel. Coated on polyethylene sheet, they were used in gastro-intestinal surgical procedures, such as involved in ostomy appliance attachment. Without the plastic backing, they were used for treatment of ulcers. They increase granulation tissue formation, which can be overproduced if not watched, but they do not promote epithelialization (18). 

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