Grade scale

In addition to the above facilities which enable the analyst to save a considerable amount of time and to improve the quality of spectra, there is also the ability to store thousands of spectra on disk in a library of peak tables. Each table will consist of the wavenumbers of twenty or thirty of the most significant peaks in the spectrum together with the corresponding peak transmittance values. Several thousand tables can be stored on a single floppy disk and library searches can be conducted in a matter of seconds. After recording the spectrum of an unknown sample, a preliminary search to indicate possible structural features can be initiated. This may be followed by a complete search in which the peak table for the unknown is matched with as many library tables as the analyst has available. The computer then displays a list of ten to fifteen possible compounds in order of closeness of match using a graded scale, e.g. 0 to 9. 

Table 1.1 Magnusson/Kligman grading scale for the evaluation of challenge patch test reactions [130],...

The skin reaction observed after performing the GPMT should also be recorded analogous to the Magnusson/Kligman grading scale (Table 1.1). 

The FDA has set out guidance documents for grading toxicity in the conduct of clinical trials. The following is an adaptation from a recent document Guidance for Industry—Toxicity Grading Scale for Healthy Adult and Adolescent Volunteers Enrolled in Preventive Vaccine Clinical Trials (2007). 

Concentrated isolates from the two oat varieties were also studied. The volatile compounds were evaluated by smelling the GC effluent. Each oil was studied in triplicate. The peaks were described and the intensity of the perceived attributes was graded (scale 0-3). One trained person took part in this work. 

NaFl and rose bengal stains can be instiUed simultaneously. Several grading scales for quantifying ocular staining with NaFl, rose bengal, and lissamine green have been... 

This test involves applying a patch of the material (or an extract of the material) to an area of an animal that has been shaved in some cases the skin is abraded before the test material is applied. After 24 hours of contact, the patch is removed, and the skin is graded for redness and swelling. The grading scale can vary from 0 to 4 0 means no redness and/or swelling and 4 means extensive redness and/or swelling. Standard test materials are used to evaluate skin irritation (24). 

Synergism refers to a greater toxic response with exposure to two chemicals than would be expected based on the toxic response elicited by either of the chemicals alone. Potentiation is similar to synergism in that greater toxicity is seen with exposure to two chemicals than expected based on the responses elicited by those chemicals alone, but in this case one of the chemicals has no capacity to elicit the toxic response on its own. Using the toxicity grading scale above, examples of synergism and potentiation can be considered. 

Effects of the implant on its host almost always include evoking a foreign bodily response. The extent of this and other responses are assessed both quantitatively and semiquantitatively, with the latter being done with reference to established grading scales. 

At the end-of-semester portfolio reading that spring, we decided to use this new document to have faculty consider which of the descriptions would help them to decide whether a portfolio was of high, medium, or low quality because we were curious about how the faculty would use the descriptions contained within the document to make evaluation decisions. In other words, we wondered how these attributes were linked to the grading scales faculty used. 

The Swedish system of Post and Granlund (1926) is based on a 10-grade scale of humification determined by the turbidity, color, and structure of the wet peat material when squeezed. 

The International Peat Society system (I.P.S.) described by Kivinen (1980b) is a three-grade scale based on the relative degree of decomposition. In addition, this system includes the type of plant remains and the trophic levels (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic) of the peat material. 

Failure of Alumina Scales on NiAl Under Graded Scale Loading... 

Flg.l. Schematic of cracking and spalling of the oxide scale on the side face of an oxidised bending bar under a graded scale loading, axx(y), at room temperature (RT) and oxidation temperature (OT) C - cracks, S - spallations, NF - neutral fibre. 

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