Gold poisoning

Dimercaprol (British Anti-Lewisite or BAL) is a colorless, viscous oily compound with an offensive odor used in treating arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning. It displaces the arsenic bound to enzymes. The enzymes are reactivated and can resume their normal biological activity. When given by injection, BAL can lead to alarming reactions that seem to pass in a few hours. 

Chronic exposure to silver produces a bluish skin discoloration known as argyria. Gold poisoning has resulted from the use of gold salts for treatment of arthritis. Poisoning from antimony, arsenic, bismuth, mercury, and thallium is well known. 

Dimercaprol, a metal-chelating agent (30 mg/kg IM), is used to treat severe arsenic or gold poisoning. 

A. Arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning. Give BAL, 3 mg/kg deep intramuscular injection (IM) every 4-6 hours for 2 days, then every 12 hours for up to 7-10 days if patient remains symptomatic and/or metal levels remain highly elevated. In patients with severe arsenic or mercury poisoning, an initial dose of up to 5 mg/kg may be used. Consider changing to oral sucdmer (p 501) or oral unithiol (p 506) once patient is stable and able to absorb an oral formulation. Note Intravenous unithiol (see p 506) has a more favorable therapeutic index than BAL, and may be a preferable alternative in the treatment of acute arsenic or mercury intoxication. 

Basic blue 9 Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous antidote, cyanide medicine Methylene blue trihydrate antidote, gold poisoning... 

Gold poisoning is not common and occurs practically only as a result of therapeutic overdoses and as a side effect of chrysotherapy (gold therapy). Inhalation does not hurt the respiratory tracts. Levels of tolerance for the toxic effects of gold are not reported. Neither threshold limit values nor maximum permissible concentrations in the workplace are available [4]. 

Rhodium was about three times the price of gold through 1988—1989 until skyrocketing to 74/g ( 2300/troy oz) in early 1990. Thus precious metal catalyst costs requite an absolute minimum level of use and maximum number of catalyst recycle uses when batch processing is employed. Starting material contaminants may effect catalyst poisoning, though process routes to overcome this by feed stream pretreatment may be devised (37,60). 

Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers, barometers and switchgear, and in the production of amalgams with copper, tin, silver and gold, and of solders. A major use in the chemical industry is in the production of a host of mercury compounds and in mercury cells for the generation of chlorine. Mercury has a significant vapour pressure at ambient temperature and is a cumulative poison. 

Rausch-gelb, n. orpiment. -gift, n. narcotic poison or drug, -gold, n. Dutch gold, tinsel, -leder, n. chamois (leather), -mittel, n. intoxicant. -rot, n. realgar, -silber, n. imitation silver foil. 

The poisoning effect of hydrogen when dissolved in palladium was for the first time properly described and interpreted by Couper and Eley (29) in 1950 in their study of the fundamental importance of the development of theories of catalysis on metals. The paper and the main results relate to the catalytic effect of an alloying of gold to palladium, on the parahydrogen conversion. This system was chosen as suitable for attempting to relate catalyst activity to the nature and occupation of the electronic energy... 

Attention has been given to the synthesis of bimetallic silver-gold clusters [71] due to their effective catalytic properties, resistance to poisoning, and selectivity [72]. Recently molecular materials with gold and silver nanoclusters and nanowires have been synthesized. These materials are considered to be good candidates for electronic nanodevices and biosensors [73]. 

Gold is generally considered a poor electro-catalyst for oxidation of small alcohols, particularly in acid media. In alkaline media, however, the reactivity increases, which is related to that fact that no poisoning CO-hke species can be formed or adsorbed on the surface [Nishimura et al., 1989 Tremihosi-Filho et al., 1998]. Similar to Pt electrodes, the oxidation of ethanol starts at potentials corresponding to the onset of surface oxidation, emphasizing the key role of surface oxides and hydroxides in the oxidation process. The only product observed upon the electrooxidation of ethanol on Au in an alkaline electrolyte is acetate, the deprotonated form of acetic acid. The lack of carbon dioxide as a reaction product again suggests that adsorbed CO-like species are an essential intermediate in CO2 formation. 

Plant resins, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac Metals (nickel or gold in jewelry)... 

Nowadays, most of the car manufacturers are interested to replace noble metals by cheaper active phases or at least to significantly lower their content without altering their tolerance to poisoning effects. Recent developments using gold and silver as active components specifically for low temperature applications could be promising, but their sulphur tolerance is questionable in those temperature conditions [12-14], Apparently, such an aspect may exclude an extensive development of those silver-based catalysts for NO abatement processes for stationary sources. 

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