Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Defusing the Global Warming Time Bomb, 2004. James Hansen—Director of NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Scientific American, Vol. 290, Number 3, March. 

If the solar luminosity increases by 2%, the climate model produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies indicates a corresponding temperature increase of 4 °C. Climatologists do not usually make predictions over billions of years so this model has not been pursued. However, we may consider that a 10% increase in solar luminosity would lead to a temperature rise of around 12 °C. The result would certainly be catastrophic. Sea level would rise by some 40 cm as the ice caps melted. With a temperature increase of 21 °C, the ice caps would vanish completely and the climate would be changed forever. 

Robert Jastrow, the head of NASA s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, called this the most powerful evidence for the existence of God ever to come out of science. Other amazing parameters abound. If all of the stars in the universe were heavier than three solar masses, they would live for only about 500 million years, and life would not have time to evolve beyond primitive bacteria. Stephen Hawking has estimated that if the rate of the universe s expansion one second after the Big Bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed.The universe must live for billions of years to permit time for intelligent life to evolve. On the other hand, the universe might have expanded so rapidly that protons and electrons never united to make hydrogen atoms. 

NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, N.Y. 10025 t Also with Dept, of Physics, CCNY, N.Y. 

Koch D., Jacob D., Tegen 1., Rind D., and Chin M. (1999) Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23799-23822. 

FIGURE 17.18 Temperature increase on Earth s surface from 1880 to 1996. Zero represents the average temperature for the years 1951-1980. (Source NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.)... 

There is now no time left. The train has left the station. The climate is warming. The best we can do now is minimize the impact. The only resolution is for humans to move to a fundamentally different energy pathway within a decade, according to James Hansen, director of NASA s Goddard Institute for Space Studies and a leading... 

Michael Mishchenko, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA crmim giss.nasa.gov... 

NASA Goddard institute for Space Studies, New York, U.S.A. 

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, . 

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