Goals evolution

The goal of kinetic theory is to find the time-evolution equation for f x,v,t), with the ultimate aim being to obtain the equilibrium properties of the system through the limiting form of f x, v,t) as t cx>. 

One possible way to achieve nuclear fusion is to use magnetic fields to confine the reactant nuclei and prevent them from touching the walls of the container, where they would quickly slow down below the velocity required for fusion. Using 400-ton magnets, it is possible to sustain the reaction for a fraction of a second. To achieve a net evolution of energy, this time must be extended to about one second. A practical fusion reactor would have to produce 20 times as much energy as it consumes. Optimists predict that this goal may be reached in 50 years. 

Among interface capturing methods, one of the most popular and most successful schemes is the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method dating back to the work of Hirt and Nichols [174]. The VOF method is based on a volume-fraction field c, assuming values between 0 and 1. A value of c = 1 indicates cells that are filled with phase 1, and phase 2 corresponds to c= 0. Intermediate values of c indicate the position of the interface between the phases however, the goal is to maintain a sharp interface in order to identify the different fluid phases uniquely. Volumes assigned to the different phases are moving with the local flow velocity W , and therefore the evolution of c is determined by a convection equation ... 

Things are different when a scientist has to give a overview of the future trends of his discipline. Prediction is an art, more than a science, and also the more modest goal of a critical appraisal of the trends of evolution, and of selection of a set of themes for which progress is expected or hoped cannot be performed with the same instruments used in the everyday research. 

Directed evolution methods, as well as rational structure-based mutagenesis approaches, have been successful in broadening the substrate tolerance of aldolases. A common goal is to... 

The authors obtained an RNA ligase ribozyme using the method of in vitro evolution . Here, macromolecules are allowed to go through a series of synthetic cycles, which are followed by a proliferation phase, mutation and selection. As in Darwinian evolution, the goal is to carry out laboratory selection of molecules with certain required properties. 

John von Neumann constructed several models (originally known as kinematic models ) with the goal of incorporating the logical core of self-production into the system. Others studied von Neumann s model and modified it, for example, Walter Fontana, who devised the AlChemy (Algorithmic Chemistry) system. This can be described as artificial chemistry, an evolution reactor in which the objects which react are not molecules but mathematical functions. 

We have observed 3He towards several PNe that have been selected to maximize the likelihood of 3He+ detections. First epoch observations with the GBT are discussed in [3]. Figure 2 shows a 4 a detection towards the PNe J 320 with the VLA. Both of these results are consistent with 3He/H abundances between 10 4 — 10 3 by number and standard stellar evolution models. Observations with Arecibo are planned for winter 2005. Our goal is to be able to make a connection between some of the selection criteria and a high 3He abundance. In this way we can use subsidiary measures, e.g., the N abundance, to estimate what fraction of PNe have preserved their 3He. 

The book explains how to solve coupled systems of ordinary differential equations of the kind that commonly arise in the quantitative description of the evolution of environmental properties. All of the computations that I shall describe can be performed on a personal computer, and all of the programs can be written in such familiar languages as BASIC, PASCAL, or FORTRAN. My goal is to teach the methods of computational simulation of environmental change, and so I do not favor the use of professionally developed black-box programs. 

Blavatsky s main polemical purpose in Isis Unveiled was to undermine the materialist nature of Darwinian evolution and to build a spiritual system based upon an evolutionary theory revamped to include the life force and spiritual goals. She defined the terms of her argument by articulating an emana-tionist perspective against an orthodox evolutionist interpretation ... 

Since the experimental studies of van t Hoff at the turn of the century, geochemists have sought a quantitative basis for describing the chemical evolution of seawater and other complex natural waters, including the minerals that precipitate from them, as they evaporate. The interest has stemmed in large part from a desire to understand the origins of ancient deposits of evaporite minerals, a goal that remains mostly unfulfilled (Hardie, 1991). 

By making use of classical or quantum-mechanical interferences, one can use light to control the temporal evolution of nuclear wavepackets in crystals. An appropriately timed sequence of femtosecond light pulses can selectively excite a vibrational mode. The ultimate goal of such optical control is to prepare an extremely nonequilibrium vibrational state in crystals and to drive it into a novel structural and electromagnetic phase. 

Francis Albarede has been a very active actor in this evolution towards quantitative science. His abundant scientific contributions published in the best international journals are all focussed on the goal of building a quantitative science. He is one of the leading scientists in this area and has now decided to broaden his approach by writing a book on geochemical modeling. This book has no equivalent in the present literature. It explains how we can build mathematical models to explain geochemical observations. 

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