Glycoproteins synthetic

A linkage involving 4-hydroxy-L-proline and L-arabinose has been detected in glycoproteins of plant origin, and it is also possible that L-cys-teine is part of a carbohydrate-protein linkage. Of the types of linkages just mentioned, which have been extensively discussed in reviews,2-9 only the first three have been the subject of synthetic studies, and it is this aspect of the work that will be discussed in the present Chapter. 

To establish the nature of the carbon-nitrogen bond of the carbohydrate-L-asparagine unit in glycoproteins, treatment of the synthetic derivatives 5 and 211 with hydrochloric acid was first studied in... 

Batinic D, Robey FA. The V3 region of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binds sulfated polysaccharides and CD4-derived synthetic peptides. J Biol Chem 1992 267 6664-6671. 

Antigens usually are macromolecules that contain distinct antigenic sites or epitopes , which can be recognized and interact with the various components of the immune system. They can exist as individual molecules composed of synthetic organic chemicals, proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, RNA, DNA, polysaccharides—or they may be parts of cellular structures (bacteria or fungi) or viruses (Male et al., 1987 Harlow and Lane, 1988). 

The protein A (pA), antihuman serum albumin (a-HSA, M 150 kD), and human serum albumin (HSA, M 65 kD) were provided by Paradocs BV (Tiel, The Netherlands). The Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) and anti-HSV-1 gG glycoprotein G monoclonal antibody (a-HSV-1 gG) were purchased from Virusys Corporation (Marriottsville, MD, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA, M 50 kD) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie BV (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Synthetic surface protein of Hepatitis-B virus generated in Hep-G2 cell-line (HEP G2, M 25 kD) was provided by BioMerieux BV (Boxtel, The Netherlands). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used for all experiments. 

The trisaccharide-hexapeptide partial structure (151) of aleukemia-virus envelope glycoprotein, which was obtained from 46 (see Section 11,2) via saccharide and carboxyl deprotection, has also been coupled to BSA to furnish a synthetic glycoprotein 152 containing 12% of carbohydrate in the form of the trisaccharide (19). 

For this purpose, Ag zeolite and Ag, developed by Garegg25 and Paulsen,26 respectively, have been widely employed (Scheme 7.6). Reactions using these activators have found practical use in synthetic studies on glycoprotein glycans and glycolipids. For instance, Paulsen reported the chemical synthesis of the core pentasaccharide structure 6 common to all types of Asn-linked glycans, using the Ag... 

Fuzeon (enfuvirtide) is an anti-HIV drug. It interferes with the entry of HIV into the CD4 cell. It is a synthetic peptide with 36 amino acids, the N terminus is acetylated while the C terminal forms a carboxamide. The peptide binds to the gp41 subunit of the HIV envelope glycoprotein and prevents the HIV from fusing with CD4. 

Brynestad K, et al. Influence of peptide acylation, liposome incorporation, and synthetic immunomodulators on the immunogenicity of a 1-23 peptide of glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus implications for subunit vaccines. J Virol 1990 64 680. 

Dan, A. Ito, Y. Ogawa, T., A Convergent and Stereocontrolled Synthetic Route to the Core Pentasaccharide Structure of Asparagine-Linked Glycoproteins. J. Org. 

Interferons—a family of glycoproteins processed by macrophages—also are widely used as immunostimulants (a -interferons), made in macrophages and fibroblasts (j3-interferons), made in lymphocytes (7-interferons), which are named for their ability to react with viral RNA and affect protein synthesis. Commercially accessible a-, fi-, and y-interferons are currently used in medicine. Practically the only purely synthetic immunos-timulant drug that is used is levamisole, which was initially proposed as an anthelminthic agent, and it is currently widely used as such. 

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