Glycolic acid acetals

At around the time of maximum catechol and hydroquinone, benzoquinone began to appear and went thorough maximum. The disappearance of benzoquinone was then followed by the formation of maleic acid and fiimaric acid. These acids were then transformed into the lower molecular weight carboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid. On the b2isis the sequence in which the reaction intermediates were formed reaction pathways of phenol oxidation could be proposed as the sequential steps in Figure 10. 

Perchloric acid Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, alcohols, antimony compounds, azo pigments, bismuth and its alloys, methanol, carbonaceous materials, carbon tetrachloride, cellulose, dehydrating agents, diethyl ether, glycols and glycolethers, HCl, HI, hypophosphites, ketones, nitric acid, pyridine, steel, sulfoxides, sulfuric acid... 

Sodium peroxide Glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aniline, benzene, benzaldehyde, carbon di-sulflde, diethyl ether, ethanol or methanol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, furfural, glycerol, metals, methyl acetate, organic matter... 

Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts Any oxidizable substance, such as ethanol, methanol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulphide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate or furfural Chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates... 

Ethylene glycol Peracetic acid Acetic anhydride... 

The acetates are then hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol and acetic acid. The hydrolysis reaction occurs at approximately 107-130°C and 1.2 atmospheres. Acetic acid is then recovered for further use ... 

C2oH2fi04 29041-00-7) see Clidanac trons-4-cyclohexyl-L-proline (C, H,9N02 103201-78-1) see Fosinopril cyclohexyl(3-thienyl)acetic acid (CizHifiOjS 16199-74-9) see Cetiedil cyclohexyl(3-thienyl)glycolic acid ... 

Sulphuric acid ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate or furfural Chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates... 

Acetic acid appears to function both as an accelerator for the oxidation and an inhibitor of the rearrangement to glycolic acid. 

The possibility that the discoloration of the interagent could also be due to a second and different mechanism was also considered. That is, a dehydrogenation of acetic acid could also give rise to glycolic acid. The course of such a change could be illustrated as follows ... 

A mixture of Pt(ll) and metallic Pt in an aqueous medium was shown to oxidize ethane to yield acetic and glycolic acids. A series of deuterium-exchange processes enabled a complex mechanism to be elucidated metallic platinum catalyzes the oxidation of intermediate alcohols to acid products, whereas the Pt(ll) salt activates the initial alkene (Scheme 7X29... 

A 3-1. stainless steel, rocking autoclave (Note 1) is charged with 270 g. (4.1 moles) of 85% potassium hydroxide and 351 g. (3.00 moles) of indole (Note 2), and then 360 g. (3.3 moles) of 70% aqueous glycolic acid is added gradually (Note 3). The autoclave is closed and rocked at 250° for about 18 hours (Note 4). The reaction mixture is cooled to below 50°, 500 ml. of water is added, and the autoclave is rocked at 100° for 30 minutes to dissolve the potassium indole-3-acetate. The aqueous solution is cooled to 25° and removed from the autoclave, the autoclave is rinsed out well with water, and water is added until the total volume of solution is 3 1. The solution is extracted with 500 ml. of ether (Note 5). The aqueous phase is acidified at 20-30° with 121V hydrochloric acid and then is cooled to 10° (Note 6). The indole-3-acetic acid that precipitates is collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with copious amounts of cold water, and dried in air or a vacuum desiccator out of direct light (Note 7) weight 455-190 g. (87-93%) m.p. 163-165° (dec.). 

Glycolic acid for synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, 44, 64... 

Fig. 3. Linear correlation between AV and AV for substitution reactions of [Pd(H20)4]2+ (1) Me2SO (2) propionic acid (3) acetic acid (4) malonic acid (5) MeCN (6) citric acid (7) glycolic acid (8) water. 

At even higher temperature, the polysaccharides decompose further by extensive C-C bond breaking. This leads to the formation of C2 4 oxygenates such as glycol aldehyde, acetic acid and hydroxyacetone (CH3-CO-CH2OH). The formation of these products can be rationalized by a series of reactions that include,... 

Methoxyacetic acid A-Acetylglycine Glycolic acid Formic acid Acetic acid Malonic acid Succinic acid o-Phosphoric acid Citric acid ACN... 

Protease treatment After washing, cells are exposed to a solution of 0.04% protease (pronase E) in Ca TMg free HEPES-containing ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA) (Sigma) for 15 minutes at 37°C as applied in (93). Cells are then washed three times with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.1% BSA. 

Lipids Fats Waxes 1 Oils 1 Hydrocarbons J r RCH2OH RCOOH RCH2CH2COOH + CH2OHCHOHCH2OH shorter ohain aoids fatty acids giyceroi j pQj-jj 1, RH CO2, CH4, aliphatic acids, acetic, lactic, citric, glycolic, malic, palmitic, stearic, oleic acids, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons... 

Uses Manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aldol, aniline dyes, 1-butanol, 1,3-butylene glycol, cellulose acetate, chloral, 2-ethylhexanol, paraldehyde, pentaerythritol, peracetic acid, pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid, trimethylolpropane, flavors, perfumes, plastics, synthetic rubbers, disinfectants, drugs, explosives, antioxidants, yeast silvering mirrors hardening gelatin fibers. 

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