Glutathione conjugates metabolism

Glutathione Conjugate Metabolism (Mercapturic Acid Pathway)... 

Dekant W, Koob M, Henschler D. 1990. Metabolism of trichloroethene—vivo and in vitro evidence for activation by glutathione conjugation. Chem Biol Interact 73 89-101. 

Alternatively, acrylonitrile is metabolized to 2-cyanoethylene oxide by the microsomal enzyme system. 2-Cyanoethylene oxide can react directly with tissue macromolecules or it can be further metabolized to oxidation products that release cyanide. Cyanide is converted to thiocyanate and excreted in the urine. 2-Cyanoethylene oxide is also conjugated with glutathione and metabolized to 2- hydroxyethylmercapturic acid which is excreted in the urine. 

Slatter JG, Rashed MS, Pearson PG, et al. Biotransformation of methyl isocyanate in the rat. Evidence for glutathione conjugation as a major pathway of metabolism and implications for isocyanate-mediated toxicities. Chem Res Toxicol 1991 4(2) 157—161. 

B. Ketterer, The Role of Nonenzymatic Reactions of Glutathione in Xenobiotic Metabolism , Drug Metab. Rev. 1982, 13, 161 - 187 B. Ketterer, G. J. Mulder, Glutathione Conjugation , in Conjugations Reactions in Drug Metabolism , Ed. G. J. Mulder, Taylor and Francis, London, 1990, p. 307 - 364. 

Dibromoethane is metabolized to active forms capable of inducing toxic effects by either of two systems-the microsomal monooxygenase system (cytochrome P-450 oxidation) and the cytosolic activation system (glutathione conjugation). Figure 2-3 provides an overview of the metabolism of... 

Van Bladeren PJ, Breimer DD, Van Fluijgevoort JA, et al. 1981. The metabolic formation of N-acetyl-S-2-hydroxyethyl-L-cysteine from tetradeutero-1,2-dibromoethane. Relative importance of oxidation and glutathione conjugation in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 30 2499-2502. 

Figure 2.12 Metabolic activation by the liver of pyrrolizidine alkaloid to the toxic pyrrole (liver bound and highly toxic) and the glutathione conjugate (excretion metabolite).

Plant. Metabolizes in plants forming water soluble, polar, nonvolatile products (Hartley and Kidd, 1987) and glutathione conjugates (Breaux et al., 1987). 

Kassahun K, Davis M, Hu P, Martin B, Baillie T. (1997) Biotransformation of the naturally occurring isothiocyante sulforaphane in the rat Identification of phase I metabolities and glutathione conjugates. Chem Res Toxicol 10 1228-1233. 

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