Glucoside ester

Hara, M., H. Yuan, Q. Yang, T. Hoshino, A. Yokoyama, and J. Miyake. 1999. Stabilization of liposomal membranes by thermozeaxanthins Carotenoid-glucoside esters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1461 147-154. 

An oral administration of crocin had no effect on memory acquisition in normal mice but improved the ethanol-induced impairment of learning behaviors of mice in passive avoidance performance tasks. This phenomenon resembled that of crude extract of saffron as reported previously. The tendencies of the effect between CSE and crocin are similar to each other. From these results it can be easily speculated that crocin is the most important principle in crude extract of saffron. Other crocetin glucoside esters weakly antagonized the blocking effect of ethanol on the LTP compared to crocin. 

Fleury, Brissaud and Lhoste [12] also prepared alkyl glucoside esters, using the nitrating mixture described above, composed of nitric acid, acetic anhydride and acetic acid ... 

Cyclic Carotenoids.—The previously-reported carotenoids myxobactin (15) and myxobacton (16) are now shown to be glucoside esters rather than inositol esters. In a closely related Myxobacterium, T,2 -dihydro-l -hydroxytorulene glucoside ester (17) and r,2 -dihydro-l -3-dihydroxytorulene glucoside ester (18) were isolated" as well as the analogous rhamnoside esters. 

Abbreviations BChl - bacteriochlorophyll Erb-type -erythrobacter-type G - glucoside G-FA - glucoside ester LH -light-harvesting PS - photosystem RC - reaction center... 

OH-,"Carotene glucoside ester 6 4-Keto-3 ,4 -didehydro-OH-v-carotene glucoside... 

Fig 10. The predicted pathway for the biosynthesis of OH-y-carotene glucoside ester of Cfl. aurantiacus. 

The Chlorobiaceae have the isorenieratene pathway only and can be divided the isorenieratene and the chlorobactene pathways (Tables 1 and 6). The species which mainly contain isorenieratene always have BChl c or 4 as major component, and those which chlorobactene always have BChl e (Imhoff, 1995). Chi. tepidum contains additional carotenoid glucoside esters. Mostly the carotenes are located in chloro-somes, accompanied by BChl c, while carotenoid glucoside esters are mainly located in the membranes... 

The Chloroflexaceae only have the y- and jS-carotene pathway (Tables 1 and 7). In Chloroflexus, most of carotenes and BChl c are located in the chlorosomes, which are very similar to those of the Chlorobiaceae, while the carotenoid glucoside esters, which are also found, are mainly located in the membranes and the envelope of chlorosomes (Tsuji et al., 1995). Except for Chloroflexus, analysis of carotenoids in this group needs a lot more work. 

TNO Chlorobactene 0-FA y-carotenc (24), dihydro-y-carotene (22), OH-y-carotene (2), chlorobactene (20), dihydrochlorobactene (23), OH-chlorobactene (2), OH-y-carotene glucoside ester (5), OH-chlorobactene glucoside ester (3) 5... 

Takaichi S, Tsuji K, Matsuura K and Shimada K (1995) A monocyclic carotenoid glucoside ester is a majorcarotenoid in the green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Plant Cell Physiol 36 773-778... 

Takaichi S, Wang Z-Y, Umetsu M, Nozawa T, Shimada K and Madigan MT (1997a) New carotenoids from the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum r,2 -dihydro-y-carotene, l, 2 -dihydrochlorobactene, and OH-chlorobactene glucoside ester, and the carotenoid composition of different strains. Arch Microbiol 168 270-276... 

When a microemulsion is used as reaction medium for synthesis of a surfactant, an obvious way to circumvent the workup problem is to use the reaction product as the microemulsion surfactant. This approach has been used in the synthesis of allyl glucoside esters [124,125]. 

That licorice may act as a solubilizing agent in traditional Chinese medicines has been reported by Sasaki et al. (207). Aqueous solutions of the glucoside ester (58) solubilize water insoluble substances such as a-tocopherol and oleanolic acid. This may be a restatement of a description of licorice in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, which states that licorice harmonizes a medicine with any drugs. 

Cordell G A, Chang P T O, Fong H H S, Farnsworth N R 1977 Xylosmacin, a new phenolic glucoside ester from Xylosma velutina. Lloydia 40 340-343... 

Not surprisingly, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid can be used effectively as catalyst for the Fischer glycosidation of free sugars, and phosphorus oxychloride catalyses the reaction between sugar peracetates and alcohols. For aryl, alkyl and aralkyl D-glucoside esters /9-anomers (the kinetic products) are favoured if the reactions are carried out in benzene solution, whereas the more stable o-products predominate if no solvent is used. °... 

The main phenolic compounds of rapeseed meal are commonly sinapic acid (Figure 15.3a) and its derivatives—sinapine the choline ester of sinapic acid (Figure 15.3b), or as the glucosidic ester, glucopyranosyl sinapate. About 80-90% of all the phe-nolics in the meal are sinapic acid esters (SAEs) as discussed earlier. Thus, 70% methanolic rapeseed meal extracts of the meal have been classified into free-pheno-lics, esterifled phenolics and released-phenolics according to Krygier et al. (1982). Krygier et al. (1982) extracted free and esterified phenolics, which were methanol soluble and demonstrated that only a small fraction of the total phenolic compounds of rapeseed occurs as free sinapic acid (Koski et al., 2002 Vuorela et al., 2003). 

Scheme 4.7 Synthesis of methyl glucoside ester by base-catalysed (K2CO3) trans-esterification of methyl glucoside with fatty acid methyl ester (R COOMe) at 120-160 °C.

Bousquet, M.-P., Willemot, R.-M., Monsan, P. and Boures, E. (1999) Enzymatic synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid glucoside esters for dermo-cosmetic appheations. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63, 730-736. 

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