Glucoside ester carotenoid

Hara, M., H. Yuan, Q. Yang, T. Hoshino, A. Yokoyama, and J. Miyake. 1999. Stabilization of liposomal membranes by thermozeaxanthins Carotenoid-glucoside esters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1461 147-154. 

Cyclic Carotenoids.—The previously-reported carotenoids myxobactin (15) and myxobacton (16) are now shown to be glucoside esters rather than inositol esters. In a closely related Myxobacterium, T,2 -dihydro-l -hydroxytorulene glucoside ester (17) and r,2 -dihydro-l -3-dihydroxytorulene glucoside ester (18) were isolated" as well as the analogous rhamnoside esters. 

The Chlorobiaceae have the isorenieratene pathway only and can be divided the isorenieratene and the chlorobactene pathways (Tables 1 and 6). The species which mainly contain isorenieratene always have BChl c or 4 as major component, and those which chlorobactene always have BChl e (Imhoff, 1995). Chi. tepidum contains additional carotenoid glucoside esters. Mostly the carotenes are located in chloro-somes, accompanied by BChl c, while carotenoid glucoside esters are mainly located in the membranes... 

The Chloroflexaceae only have the y- and jS-carotene pathway (Tables 1 and 7). In Chloroflexus, most of carotenes and BChl c are located in the chlorosomes, which are very similar to those of the Chlorobiaceae, while the carotenoid glucoside esters, which are also found, are mainly located in the membranes and the envelope of chlorosomes (Tsuji et al., 1995). Except for Chloroflexus, analysis of carotenoids in this group needs a lot more work. 

Takaichi S, Tsuji K, Matsuura K and Shimada K (1995) A monocyclic carotenoid glucoside ester is a majorcarotenoid in the green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Plant Cell Physiol 36 773-778... 

Takaichi S, Wang Z-Y, Umetsu M, Nozawa T, Shimada K and Madigan MT (1997a) New carotenoids from the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum r,2 -dihydro-y-carotene, l, 2 -dihydrochlorobactene, and OH-chlorobactene glucoside ester, and the carotenoid composition of different strains. Arch Microbiol 168 270-276... 

A large number of carotenoid compounds have been isolated from saffron. Crocins and crocetin have been already mentioned above and are listed in Table 2. a-Carotene (V), p-carotene (VI), lycopene (VII), zeaxanthin (VIII), phytoene (IX), phytofluene (X) are the minor ones [22]. Straubinger et al [23] have reported the identification of four novel glycoconjugated carotenoid breakdown products of saffron that are the P D-glucosides of (4R)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone, (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone and (4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone as well as the P-D-gentiobiosyl ester of 2-methyl-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid. 

At present, very few species of fungi have been taken from the sea surface an undetermined species of the genus Fusarium (strain T-1) has been isolated in Japanese waters, and its culture has led to the extraction of a group of carotenoid pigments containing neurosporaxanthin and its glucosylated ester, which is the first known example of such a glucoside (Sakaki et al, 2002). 

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