Glucose insulin affecting

Cr3 5 mg 0.2 mg Glucose metabolism affects action of insulin Com, clams, nuts... 

FIGURE 15-36 Control of glycogen synthesis from blood glucose in myocytes. Insulin affects three of the five steps in this pathway, but it is the effects on transport and hexokinase activity, not the change in glycogen synthase activity, that increase the flux toward glycogen. 

Pancreastatin, a peptide isolated from porcine pancreas, inhibits insulin secretion and pancreatic secretion in vivo. It also inhibits insulin release from rat pancreatic islets and Ca2+ uptake in response to glucose without affecting K+ efflux (Lindskog et al., 1992), suggesting modulation of insulin release at the level of Ca2+ entry. 

The notion that complex carbohydrates eHcit a gradual, steady secretion of insulin while sugars cause a sudden release of this hormone accompanied by a rapid drop in blood glucose has fostered the behef that hypoglycemia is affected by sucrose ingestion. However, research does not support this conclusion (63). 

There is weak expression of PPARy in muscle, liver and other tissues, enabling TZDs to support the effects of insulin in these tissues, notably increased glucose uptake in muscle and reduced glucose production in liver. TZDs may also affect nutrient metabolism by skeletal muscle through a direct mitochondrial action that is independent of PPARy. 

Altered expression and secretion of adipose tissue-derived factors thought to affect insulin sensitivity adiponectin, TNF-a, IL-6, etc. t Insulin sensitivity and glucose-lowering... 

The exact mechanism by which PPARy ligands affect insulin resistance (improved glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, most notably skeletal muscle) remains unclear. 

The hydantoins may affect the blood glucose levels. In some patients these drugs have an inhibitory effect on the release of insulin in the body, causing hyperglycemia The nurse closely monitors blood glucose levels, particularly in patients with diabetes. The nurse reports any abnormalities to the primary health care provider. 

Fatty acids are synthesized by an extramitochondrial system, which is responsible for the complete synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. In the rat, the pathway is well represented in adipose tissue and liver, whereas in humans adipose tissue may not be an important site, and liver has only low activity. In birds, lipogenesis is confined to the liver, where it is particularly important in providing lipids for egg formation. In most mammals, glucose is the primary substrate for lipogenesis, but in ruminants it is acetate, the main fuel molecule produced by the diet. Critical diseases of the pathway have not been reported in humans. However, inhibition of lipogenesis occurs in type 1 (insulin-de-pendent) diabetes mellitus, and variations in its activity may affect the nature and extent of obesity. 

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