Hydroxide glucose

Action of sodium hydroxide. Boil about 0 2 g. of glucose with 5 of 10% NaOH solution the mixture turns yellow, then brown, and emits the odour of caramel. Fructose, maltose, lactose and soluble starch behave similarly sucrose and ordinary starch do not give colorations. 

In a 50-100 ml. conical flask place a solution of 0 -5 g. of glucose in 5 ml. of water, 12-15 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution and 1 ml. of benzoyl chloride, cork tightly, and shake until the odour of benzoyl chloride has disappeared and a crystalline (frequently sticky) soUd has separated. Filter oflF the solid, wash it with a Uttle water, and recrystaUise it from ethyl or n-butyl alcohol. (If the product is sticky, it should be removed, and spread on a porous tile before recrystaUisation.) Glucose pentabenzoate has m.p. 179°. Fructose pentabenzoate, m.p. 78-79°, may be similarly prepared. 

Pavy s solution (estimation of glucose) mix 120 mL of Fehling s solution and 300 mL of ammonium hydroxide (sp. gr. 0.88), and dilute to a liter with water. 

As described in U.S. Patent 2,929,763, methandrostenolone may be made by a fermentation route. 2 g of sodium nitrate, 1 g of primary potassium orthophosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5 g of potassium chloride, 50 g of glucose and 1 g of Difco yeast extract are dissolved in one liter of tap water, brought to pH 5 by addition of a sodium hydroxide solution and sterilized. The resulting nutrient solution is inoculated with 50 cc of a 4-day-old shaking culture of Didyniel/a lycopersici and shaken for 48 hours at 27 C, whereby the culture becomes well developed. 

Hie two main differences between caldum gluconate and sodium gluconate production are that, in the latter, pH control is performed by addition of sodium hydroxide and the initial glucose concentration is different... 

In figure 7 a procedure was described for aspirating a sample from a capillary tube and simultaneously adding zinc sulfate and barium hydroxide solutions in order to produce a Somogyi filtrate. Aliquots of the supernatant are suitable for assay for glucose and urea by various procedures. The reason for this is the fact that zinc hydroxide precipitates uric acid, creatinine and other substances, such as low molecular polypeptides, along with the proteins, so that there results a solution which is clear with relatively few components. 

Bronsted and Guggenheim [J. /Am. Chem. Soc., 49 (2554), 1927] have studied the mutaro-tation of glucose as catalyzed by acids and bases. The reaction takes place slowly in pure water, is weakly catalyzed by hydrogen ions, and is strongly catalyzed by hydroxide ions. When strong acids and bases are employed as catalysts, the apparent first-order rate constants can be written as... 

Some examples will illustrate the applicability of this generalization in so far as it concerns alkaline scission. 5,6-Anhydro-l,2-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose with alcoholic sodium hydroxide gives a mixture of isopropylidene-D-glucose and isopropylidene-L-idose. The latter results from inversion on C5, the former presumably by inversion on the non-asymmetric C6.7 3,4-Anhydro-l,2-isopropylidene-D-psicose (or allu-lose17) (XX) when treated with sodium hydroxide yields a mixture of products among which 1,2-isopropylidene-D-fructose (XIX) was detected (in the representations inversions are denoted by circles above the arrows and the carbons inverted are noted below the arrows). With sodium methoxide, however, l,2-isopropylidene-4-methyl-D-sorbose (XXI) is the chief product and results from inversion on C4.1S... 

In 1886, Brown11 discovered an organism which formed extremely tough membranes when cultivated m suitable nutrient solutions containing carbohydrates such as D-fructose, D-mannitol or D-glucose ethanol, sucrose or starch did not support membrane formation by this organism which Brown called Bacterium xylinum ) (Acetobacter xylinum). The membranes were readily soluble in cuprammonium hydroxide solution and yielded a dextrorotatory sugar upon acid hydrolysis. These properties and the results of combustion analysis led him to believe that the membrane was cellulose. 

Levi, Hawkins and Hibbert6 have recently confirmed the structure for L. mesenteroides dextran proposed by Fowler, Buckland, Brauns and Hibbert.34 Completely methylated dextran in an over-all yield of 71% was obtained by three methylations with dimethyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide, followed by six modified Muskat methylations. The methylated dextran was hydrolyzed at 140° with methanolic hydrogen chloride, and the mixture of methylated glucosides, obtained in 95% yield, was quantitatively separated by fractional distillation. 2,3-Di-methyl-D-glucose was identified by means of the phenylhydrazide of the corresponding D-gluconic acid. 

Other Methods of Preparation.—Ethyl 2-(D-ara6i no-tetrahydroxybutyl)-5-methyl-4-furoate has been prepared by heating D-glucose plus ethyl acetoacetate in aqueous alcohol without a catalyst,1 or from the same reagents (1 g. and 0.5 ml., respectively) in 0.5 ml. of 96% ethanol plus 1.5 ml. of water at room temperature in the presence of ferric chloride, zinc chloride (with small quantities of hydrochloric acid or of sodium hydroxide), cupric chloride, ferric sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum chloride, nickel chloride, or cobalt nitrate.18... 

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