Glucose anaerobic

Glucose, anaerobic system of solution-phase Np(V) and Pu(V). .. 305-6 Grand Ronde basalt, ground-water... 

The ANLSH challenged the classic view [2, 3]. It postulates compartmentaliza-tion of brain lactate metabolism between neurons and astrocytes the activity-induced uptake of glucose takes place predominantly in astrocytes, which metabolize glucose anaerobically. Lactate produced from anaerobic glycolysis in astrocytes is then released from astrocytes and provides the primary metabolic fuel for neurons. The increased lactate in the neurons is converted to pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which enters the TCA cycle, and increases ATP production in the neurons via oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 8.1). This view is highly discussed, pro [4, 5]) and contra [1, 6]. 

Glucose- Anaerobic glycolysis i—Glucose- - -Glucose n Gluconeogenesis... 

Cori cycle - no net gain or loss of glucose Anaerobic respiration of pyruvate. 

Over half the known species of yeasts can ferment D-glucose anaerobically (see Table III). Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments both a- and /3-D-glucopyranose at about the same rate.176 In the anaerobic fermentation of sugars, yeasts convert the pyruvate produced by glycolysis into ethanol by way of acetaldehyde. 

Recall How many ATPs can be produced from one molecule of glucose anaerobically Aerobically ... 

Incapable of producing ethanol from glucose, anaerobic, flagella emanating from one side of the rod-like cell, e.g. Pectinatus [12]... 

Metabolic Functions. The formation of phosphate esters is the essential initial process in carbohydrate metaboHsm (see Carbohydrates). The glycolytic, ie, anaerobic or Embden-Meyerhof pathway comprises a series of nine such esters. The phosphogluconate pathway, starting with glucose, comprises a succession of 12 phosphate esters. 

As noted above, all vitamin is produced by microbial fermentation. A partial Hst of microorganisms that synthesize vitamin B 2 under appropriate conditions follows. Most strains, in their wild state, produce less than 10 mg/L vitamin although a few approach 40 mg/L. The organisms are both aerobes and anaerobes. The carbon requirements in the fermentations are satisfied from sources as wide ranging as hydrocarbons, methanol, and glucose. 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Bacterial Photosynthesis A light-dependent, anaerobic mode of metabolism. Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose, which is used for both biosynthesis and energy production. Depending on the hydrogen source used to reduce COj, both photolithotrophic and photoorganotrophic reactions exist in bacteria. 

The process of glycolysis converts some, but not all, of the metabolic energy of the glucose molecule into ATP. The free energy change for the conversion of glucose to two molecules of lactate (the anaerobic route shown in Figure 19.1) is -183.6 kj/mol ... 

Product formation stoichiometry can be used to estimate the upper bounds for product yields in processes. A relatively simple example is the anaerobic fermentation of glucose by yeast. Here, carbon dioxide and ethanol are the only products. Modification of (E -3.9) then becomes ... 

Microorganisms under anaerobic growth conditions have the ability to utilise glucose by the Embden-Mereyhof-Parnas pathway.4 Carbohydrates are phosphorylated through the metabolic pathway the end products are two moles of ethanol and carbon dioxide.5... 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is anaerobically grown in a continuous culture at 30°C. Glucose is used as substrate and ammonia as nitrogen source. A mixture of glycerol and ethanol is produced. At steady-state condition mass the flow rate is stated. The following reaction is proposed for the related bioprocess 4,6... 

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