Tubular reactor glass

Catalytic experiments were performed in a fixed bed glass tubular reactor at atmospheric pressure and at reaction temperature of 450 and 482°C for n-heptane and gas-oil, respectively. Details on the experimental procedure have already been published (7). 

The separation-layer micro mixer was mounted about 2 cm above a funnel-shaped glass element which was connected to a glass tubular reactor, not being cooled [53], The end of the tube was set about 2 cm above a glass beaker collecting the solutions. All experiments were made using the micro mixer and the mixer-tubular reactor set-up only. 

Thermostated glass tubular reactor with fritted glass septum... 

The toluene hydrogenation reaction, was carried out with 0.15 g of the catalyst sieved to 30-80 mesh using a glass tubular reactor operating at atmospheric pressure, 40°C, WHSV 1.5... 

The gas phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde (2-butene-l-al from Aldrich, purity > 99.5%, used without further purification) was carried out in a quartz glass tubular reactor under atmospheric pressure. Typically, 1-10 mg of the chloride precursor were loaded into the reactor. In order to obtain a suitable catalyst bed... 

FIGURE 10.7 A continuous vapor-phase polymerization process for coating wool yarn (a) yam bobbin, (b) methanol-FeClj solution container, (c) pyrrole container, (d) glass tubular reactor, (e) scrubber, and (f) collector. 

Kinetic measurements were made with a glass tubular one-pass fixed bed reactor. The internal diameter of the reactor was 9-12 mm, and the thermocouple well of external diameter 5-6 mm reached into the catalyst bed. The amount of the catalyst varied within the range of 0.01 to 1 g for pseudodifferential measurements (depending upon the activity of the catalyst... 

The tubular reactor consists of a stainless steel tube (3/8 OD) in which approximately 300 mg of 2% Rh/Al203 is held in place with glass wool and 22 mg of catalyst is loaded in DRIFTS cell. The temperatures are monitored with a K type thermocouple connected to an omega temperature controller. Both pulse and step reaction studies were carried out at 250 °C. 

Fig. 2.4p shows three types of post-column reactor. In the open tubular reactor, after the solutes have been separated on the column, reagent is pumped into the column effluent via a suitable mixing tee. The reactor, which may be a coil of stainless steel or ptfe tube, provides the desired holdup time for the reaction. Finally, the combined streams are passed through the detector. This type of reactor is commonly used in cases where the derivatisation reaction is fairly fast. For slower reactions, segmented stream tubular reactors can be used. With this type, gas bubbles are introduced into the stream at fixed time intervals. The object of this is to reduce axial diffusion of solute zones, and thus to reduce extra-column dispersion. For intermediate reactions, packed bed reactors have been used, in which the reactor may be a column packed with small glass beads. 

Polymerisation The polymerisations were carried out in tubular reactors containing a phial of HC104 solution in CH2C12 and a glass-enclosed magnetic phial-breaker the... 

Figure 2.29 Photograph of the ceramic reactor housing and the quartz-glass tubulare microreactor (visible through the center hole) [59].

Transhalogenation is also performed in the gas phase. The preferred catalysts are quaternary phosphonium salts supported on silica, alumina or glass beads which are applied in tubular reactor. At 140 °C, residence time of a few seconds is sufficient for 72-butyl bromide and -propyl chloride to equilibrate223. 

Ethane was pyrolyzed in several tubular reactors having internal diameters of about 0.47 cm and a heated length of 107 cm. The reactors used were constructed of Incoloy 800, stainless steel 304 (SS 304), stainless steel 410 (SS 410), Hastelloy X, and Vycor glass. Each reactor was maintained at almost isothermal conditions by suspending it in a fluidized sand bath. More details on the reactors are described by Dunkleman and Albright (12) and Herriott, Eckert, and Albright (13). After suitable pyrolysis, the reactor was cut to expose the coke on the inner surfaces. 

Thermal reactions of acetylene, butadiene, and benzene result in the production of coke, liquid products, and various gaseous products at temperatures varying from 4500 to 800°C. The relative ratios of these products and the conversions of the feed hydrocarbon were significantly affected in many cases by the materials of construction and by the past history of the tubular reactor used. Higher conversions of acetylene and benzene occurred in the Incoloy 800 reactor than in either the aluminized Incoloy 800 or the Vycor glass reactor. Butadiene conversions were similar in all reactors. The coke that formed on Incoloy 800 from acetylene catalyzed additional coke formation. Methods are suggested for decreasing the rates of coke production in commercial pyrolysis furnaces. 

Visual observation of the Vycor glass reactor immediately following the butadiene run at 700°C resulted in important information. The reactor was cut to permit inspection of the black deposits thought to be primarily coke. The last two-thirds of the reactor and a short section of the unheated tube that extended beyond the furnace were covered on the inner surface with a smooth layer of coke. This deposit, when viewed from the outside of the reactor, appeared as a black mirror. It is of special interest that the inlet section of the tubular reactor did not have any coke deposits. This section was the one that was subjected to increasing temperatures in the furnace. The start of the coke deposits occurred approximately in the section where maximum temperatures occurred during a run. Most of the deposits appeared to occur in the... 

Considerable information was obtained for ethane pyrolysis relative to coke deposition on and to decoking from the inner walls of a tubular reactor. Both phenomena are affected significantly by the materials of construction (Incoloy 800, stainless steel 304, stainless steel 410, Hastelloy X, or Vycor glass) of the pyrolysis tube and often by their past history. Based on results with a scanning electron microscope, several types of coke were formed. Cokes that formed on metal tubes contained metal particles. The energy of activation for coke formation is about 65 kcal/g mol. 

Ethylene epoxidation reaction experiments over all studied catalysts were conducted in a differential flow reacfor, which was operafed at a constant pressure of 3.6 MPa and different reaction temperatures. The tubular reactor having 10-mm internal diameter was placed in a furnace equipped wifh a temperafure confroller. T)q)ically, 30 mg of a catalysf sample was placed inside the Pyrex tube reactor and secured with Pyrex glass wool plugs. The packed catalyst was initially pretreated... 

Isopropanol dehydration over AI2O3 calcined at different temperatures was studied in a pyrex glass steady state system. The fixed bed (50 mg) tubular reactor was operated at differential regime (% conversion<10), in the 423temperature range and atmospheric pressure. The feed was composed of a N2 (Praxair) stream saturated with isopropanol at room temperature. The analysis of effluents from the reactor was carried out by gas chromatography with a Gow-Mac Series 750 apparatus equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a Porapak Q packed column. 

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