Ginsenoside Rgl

Kenarova, B. et al., Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rgl from Panax ginseng,... 

Fukuda, N., Tanaka, H., and Shoyama, Y. (2000a). Fomation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rgl and its characterisation. Monoclonal antibody for a ginseng saponin. Cytotechnology 34,197-204. 

Physioiogicai There is an extensive literature that deals with the effects ginseng on CNS function, but effects are also seen in neuroendocrine function, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the immune system, and cardiovascular function (Gillis 1997). Ginsenosides induce a decrease in heart rate and have biphasic effects on blood pressure, with decreases preceded by a slight increase (Kaku et al. 1975). Ginsenoside Rgl had the most potent effects on blood pressure. Little or no effect is observed on respiration. 

Kang M, Yoshimatsu H, Oohara A, Kurokawa M, Ogawa R, Sakata T. (1995). Ginsenoside Rgl modulates ingestive behavior and thermal response induced by interleukin-1 beta in rats. Physiol Behav. 57(2) 393-6. 

Odani T, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. (1983). Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metaboiism of ginseng saponins II. The absorption, distribution and excretion of ginsenoside Rgl in the rat. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 31(1) 292-98. 

Takino Y. Studies on the pharmacodynamics of ginsenoside-Rgl, -Rbl and -Rb2 in rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 1994 114 550-564. 

Ginsenoside Rgl (triterpene saponin) Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) [root] GABAA-R ligand (Muscimol displacement) [antitumour]... 

Ginsenoside Rgi had no effect on arachidonate metabolism, but it did reduce the elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i shown in the second phase (Ca2+ influx) induced by adrenaline and thrombin "Fig. (37)". The results suggest that ginsenoside Rgl in red ginseng roots may be effective as a drug for the treatment of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. 

Fig. (37). Effects of ginsenoside Rgl on epinephrine- and thrombin-induced [Ca i in human platelets...

Commercially available P. ginseng products have been reported to have stimulant effects on the central nervous system (CNS) in humans (34) (see Section 5). In animal models, ginseng extracts have been shown to have CNS-stimulant effects (35). Ginsenoside Rgl inhibits neuronal apoptosis in vitro (35), and ginsenoside Rbl reverses short-term memory loss in rats (4). 

In animal studies, ginsenoside Rbl decreases blood pressure, perhaps owing to relaxation of smooth muscle (25). In humans, small studies suggest ginseng may decrease systolic blood pressure at a dose of 4.5 g/day (45), and enhance the efficacy of digoxin in class IV heart failure (46). In contrast, ginsenoside Rgl has been purported to have hypertensive effects (4). Finally,... 

Sitosterol is a steroid sapogenin that has been isolated from ginseng. Approximately 50-60% of a dose of (3 -sitosterol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in rats (79). After oral administration of radiolabeled ginsenoside Rgl, blood radioactivity peaked at 2.1 hours. Bioavailability was 49% (80). 

Studies of the distribution of [3H]ginsenoside Rgl following intravenous injection have been performed in mice (80). Tissue radioactivity was greatest in the kidney, followed by the adrenal gland, liver, lungs, spleen, pancreas, heart, testes, and brain. Plasma protein binding was 24%, and tissue protein binding was 48% in the liver, 22% in testes, and 8% in the brain. 

The blood radioactivity decreased in a triphasic manner after intravenous injection of [3H]ginsenoside Rgl to mice (80). Other Chinese studies... 

Li J, Zhang X, Zhang J. Study of the anti-apoptotic mechanism of ginsenoside Rgl in cultured neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 1997 32 4064-10. 

TongLuoJiuNao (Geniposide and Ginsenoside Rgl) Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Triptolide Turmeric... 

Ginsenoside Rgl, one of the major active ingredients isolated from Panax Ginseng, has neuroprotective effects in animal models with memory impairment. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) okadaic acid (OKA), a potent phosphatase inhibitor, induced memory impairment, decrease of phospho-tau and phospho-GSK3p, and formation of p-amyloid deposits in the brain of treated rats. All these changes were reversed by Rgl [272],... 

Song XY, Hu JE, Chu SF, Zhang Z, Xu S, Yuan YH et al (2013) Ginsenoside Rgl attenuates okadaic acid induced spatial memory impairment by the GSK3p/tau signaling pathway and the Ap formation prevention in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 710 29-38... 

Studies of the distribution of [3H] ginsenoside Rgl following intravenous injection have been performed in mice (Liu and Xiao, 1992). Tissue radioactiv-... 

The blood radioactivity decreased in a triphasic manner after intravenous injection of [3H]ginsenoside Rgl to mice (Liu and Xiao, 1992). Other Chinese studies have characterized the biotransformation of ginsenoside 20(1S)-Rg2, one of the main constituents of ginseng roots and leaves. Its metabolism is complex and involves multiple hydrolysis reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolites of 20(5)-Rg2 include 20(5)-Rhl and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol. Details of the biotransformation of 20(5)-Rg2 and chemical structures of the ginsenosides are available in the cited reference (Liu and Xiao, 1992). 

Use of radioimmunoassay to determine ginsenoside Rgl in the biological fluids, tissues, and organs of animals fed ginseng has been described (Sankawa et al., 1982). GC-MS methods have also been used in determination of ginsenosides in human urine (Cui et al., 1996). 

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