Ginseng Also preparations

Several studies have looked at the effects of combined preparations that include ginseng. A preparation of Biota orientalis, Panax ginseng, and Schisandra chinensis (S-113 m) improved memory retention in a passive-avoidance task with senescence-accelerated mice (Nishiyama et al. 1996). This combination also reduced memory impairments induced by ethanol and scopolamine in the step-down test and electroconvulsive shock-induced memory impairment (Nishiyama et al. 1995). 

Many t)q)es of extraction procedures have been employed for the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh or dry ginseng plant material as well as from ginseng preparations. Characteristic for most of the extraction methods is the use of methanol or ethanol or different aqueous mixtures of these two solvents, which also clearly enhance the extraction performances of these compounds compared with pure methanol or ethanol at room temperature (Anderson and Burney, 1998 Christensen et ah, 2006 Euzzati, 2004 Lou et ah, 2006a). In order to enhance the recovery of... 

Capsules of powdered root (100, 250, and 500 mg) are available, and doses range from 200 to 600 mg per day. Ginseng may also be taken as a tea or extract. A 3-month maximum treatment course followed by a 2-week break between courses has been recommended. A major concern is that many commercial preparations do not contain the quantity of herb stated on the label. In one assessment of 54 tested ginseng products, 60% showed subtherapeutic amounts of active ingredients, and 25% showed no evidence of any ginseng at all. 

Hot water extract of the rhizome, administered by gastric intubation to mice at a dose of 600 mg/kg, was inactive on LEUK-L1210. The preparation used also contained Bupleurum falcatum, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Zizyphus jujuba, Panax ginseng, and Glycyrrhiza glabra ° ... 

Exposures occur via ingestion (e.g., teas and soups). Ginseng cigarettes are also available. A topical preparation is used to approximate wound edges. In the United States, it is widely accepted as an effective demulcent. 

Comparative measurements have also been made on a phytopharmaceutical product. In the investigation of ginseng roots and of the medicaments prepared from this, the ginsenoside Rgi was determined by both 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional development. The results were presented in a poster in Vienna in September 1998 [124b]. 

Cultured plant cells may also serve as sources of various naphthoquinones and benzoquinones, whether or not they are present in the whole plants. For example, suspension cultures of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were treated with either an elicitor preparation from the phytopathogenic Botrytis cinerea or a yeast elicitor preparation, and the accumulation of a new compound (2,5-dimethoxy-l,4-benzoquinone), which was not detected in non-elicited cultures, was observed [345], Induction of naphthoquinone formation in Impatients balsamina cell cultures was achieved by using parent plants yielding high levels of 2-methoxy- 1,4-naphthoquinone as initiated explants. The cell cultures were capable of producing two naphthoquinones, lawsone... 

In contrast there have been handful of reports of spontaneous bleeding in patients using ginseng preparations (unspecified) in the absence of an anticoagulant, and, in vitro, Panax ginseng has been found to contain antiplatelet components. See also Coumarins + Herbal medicines , p.414. 

As Table X shows, lateral roots contain significantly more Ginseng saponins, especially saponins of (26), than commercial White Ginseng which is prepared from 4- or 6 year aged main roots after removal of lateral roots and periderm. The saponin content of 1- or 2 year aged roots is also somewhat higher than that of White Ginseng 18, 69). 

Antiedema, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, gonadotropic activity, estrogenic activity, and antihypertensive activity were also reported in vivo The antihypertensive activity may be explained in view of a recent report by Kwan et al. in which Siberian ginseng aqueous extract resulted in a concentration-dependent relaxation in different contracted vascular preparations (dog carotid arterial rings, rat aorta, and rat artery) at 0.04—2.0 mg/mL. The observed relaxation was attributed to NO and/ or EDHF, in addition to other possible mechanisms. ... 

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