Geotrichum

Hydroxy-3-(4-kydroxy-pheny )-propansdure Geotrichum cundidum5... 

Figure 8.18 Acetone treatment of Geotrichum candidum for the improvement of enantioselectivity [14].

Figure 8.23 Reduction of ketones with Geotrichum candidum in the presence of hydrophobic polymer XAD [19a],...

O Water absorbing polymer Figure 8.26 Asymmetric reduction of ketones in CO2 by Geotrichum candidum immobilized whole cell [20], (a) Time course for the reduction of o-fluoroacetophenone (b) substrate specificity (c) apparatus for C. candidum-cata yzed reduction with semiflow process using scC02. 

Matsuda recently reported an elegant solution for using a delicate enzyme system in an IL solvent system (Fig. 20). The authors prepared Geotrichum candidum IF05767 dried cell on water-absorbing polymer BL-100 and used... 

Figure 20 Use of IL as reaction medium for asymmetric reduction by Geotrichum candidum.

Enzymes PPL, lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens F-AP, lipase from Rhizopus orizae AP-6, lipase from Aspergillus niger, SP-254, lipase from Aspergillus oryzae P-2, Chirazyme WCPC, whole cell cultures of Penicillium citrinum WCPFL, whole cell cultures of Pseudomona fluorescens CAL-B, lipase from Candida antarctica B PS-C, lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia GCL, lipase from Geotrichum candidum. n.r. not reported. 

Other workers including Jakubowski et. al. (1983) have found many different yeast and mould contaminants comprising most of the well known biodeteriogenic species such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Saccharomyces and Torula. In addition, the author has also isolated Rhodotorula and Sporobolornyces on a number of occasions. 

In addition to bacterial conversion of L-methionine to cheese aroma compounds, certain cheese-ripening yeasts have been implicated. They include De-baromyces hansenii, Geotrichum candidum, and Yarrowia lipolytica, in addition to Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (previously noted). Of these yeasts, Geotrichum candidum was most effective at producing sulfur compounds with the major product being S-methyl thioacetate, with smaller amounts of MT, DMS, DMDS, and DMTS. Kluyveromyces lactis had a similar profile, but produced a much smaller amount of S-methyl thioacetate than did G. candidum. S-Methyl thioacetate is formed by a reaction of MT and acetyl-CoA (Equation 7) ... 

Geotrichum candidum Reactive Red 33 Acid Red 73 Acid Blue 324 Reactive Black 5 100-200 ppm Not referred [30]... 

Geotrichum sp. Reactive Black 5 Reactive Red 158 Reactive Yellow 27 100 (mg/L) 100.0 (variable, time dependent) [13]... 

Obsolete synonyms Endomyces geotrichum and Dipodascus geotrichum d(21 fungal strains), 70% of them belongs to Candida genus... 

Maximo C, Amorim MTP, Costa-Ferreira M (2003) Biotransformation of industrial reactive azo dyes by Geotrichum sp. CCMI 1019. Enzyme Microb Technol 32 145-151... 

Kim SJ, Ishikawa K, Hirai M et al (1995) Characteristics of a newly isolated fungus, Geotrichum candidum Dec 1, which decolorizes various dyes. J Ferment Bioeng 79 601-607... 

Zeroual Y, Kim BS, Yang MW et al (2007) Decolorization of some azo dyes by immobilized Geotrichum sp. biomass in fluidized bed bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 142 307-316... 

Jadhav SU, Kalme SD, Govindwar SP (2008) Biodegradation of methyl red by Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 62 135-142... 

De Hoog G, Smith M (2004) Ribosomal gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Geotrichum and its teleomorphs. Stud Mycol 50 489-515... 

Hydroxy esters have been obtained successfully with baker s yeast (Sac-charomyces cerevisidae), and this has shown a wide scope of application. The facial selectivity in the reduction of both isolated ketones and //-keto esters can be reliably determined by using Prelog s rule,8 which predicts that the hydrogen addition by the yeast will occur from the front face (Scheme 8-2). Anti-Prelog microbial reduction of a-ketones with Geotrichum sp. 38 (G38) has been introduced by Gu et al.9... 

Lipase (Geotrichum candidum) Ser217 Glu354 His463 [35]... 

Nakamura, K., Inoue, Y., Matsuda, T. and Misawa, I., Stereoselective oxidation and reduction by immobilized Geotrichum candidum in an organic solvent. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1999, 2397-2402. 

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