Genotoxicity chromosomal damage

Muragenicuy, genotoxicity Rats, mice, bacterial strains, yeasts Few days Potential to cause mutations, chromosomal damage, and... 

Although only limited data are available, the weight of evidence indicates that 1,2-diphenylhydrazine is genotoxic in animals. In particular, positive results were obtained in all assays with mammalian systems Overall, the available evidence suggests that 1,2- diphenylhydrazine may cause chromosomal damage or other genotoxic effects in humans. 

Cytogenetic studies have been conducted using bone marrow cells of rats following inhalation exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene (Anderson and Richardson 1976). Three series of exposures were carried out (1) one exposure at 299 or 682 ppm for 2 hours (2) exposures at 75 or 500 ppm, 5 hours per day for 5 days and (3) exposures to 75 or 500 ppm, 5 hours per day, 5 days per week for 3 months. Bone marrow cells from both femurs were examined for chromosome or chromatid gaps, chromatid breaks, fragments, or other complex abnormalities. In all three experiments, exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene failed to induce any effects indicative of chromosomal damage. Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 

An in vivo test for chromosomal damage using rodent haematopoietic cells. ICH guideline, Genotoxicity A Standard Battery for Genotoxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals ... 

Ethyl acetate was not mutagenic in bacterial assays it was not genotoxic in a number of in vivo assays but did cause chromosomal damage in hamster cells in vitroT ... 

IPEC-US (intended clinical route)a Acute oral and dermal toxicity, skin and eye irritation, and skin sensitization. Bacterial gene mutation and chromosome damage. ADME (intended route). 28-day toxicity (2 species by intended clinical route) Short-term use studies. 90-day toxicity (most appropriate species). Teratology (rat and/or rabbit). Genotoxicity assays. Additional assays (conditional) 1 Short-/midterm studies. One-generation reproduction. Chronic toxicity (rodent and nonrodent) and carcinogenicity (conditional)... 

Its genotoxic properties have received little attention. DNA damage has been observed in treated mammalian cells, but it is not mutagenic in bacteria and does not cause chromosomal damage in cultured mammalian cells or dominant lethal effects in mice. 

Not genotoxic (Ames, gene mutations in mammalian cells grown in vitro (mouse L5178Y cells), in vivo chromosomal damage (BM cells in rats)... 

DIPE has been tested for genotoxic activity in bacterial mutation assays, a yeast assay for mitotic gene conversion, and in tests using rat liver and Chinese hamster ovary cells with structural chromosome damaging the end point. Negative responses were observed in the bacterial and yeast assays. 

Several in vitro genotoxicity studies have been conducted for naphthalene. Naphthalene has not been found to be genotoxic in the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. However, naphthalene has been reported to have genotoxic effects in nonmammalian assay studies. In various in vitro studies, naphthalene has been shown to have the potential to induce chromosomal damage in mammalian cells. 

Ionizing radiation is genotoxic, causing chromosomal damage, DNA fragmentation, and large-scale changes in the DNA structure and function. 

Vanillin was found to directly suppress the in vitro antisheep RBC antibody response at a noncytotoxic dose (200 pg per culture). Vanillin induced chromosomal damage in human cells treated in culture, but showed no genotoxic activity in mice treated orally or in hamster cells in culture. There was also no evidence of mutagenic activity in bacterial (including Ames test) or in yeast. 

Two studies that examined genotoxic effects of intermediate-duration oral exposure to PCBs were identified. Rats administered 0.25-25 mg/kg/day Aroclor 1254 in their diets for 35 days had no evidence of chromosomal damage in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells (Garthoff et al. 1977). Dietary exposure to 1.25 or 5 mg/kg/day Aroclor 1254 for 70 days did not induce dominant lethal... 

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