GENOA

In 1096 AD the Cmsades opened up the northern Itaflan ports of Genoa and Venice to Oriental trade through Alexandria. When the Portuguese found the sea route around the coast of Africa by way of the Cape of Good Hope, bypassing Alexandria, the Western spice centers were shifted from... 

Fabiano, B. 1999. Personal communication from B. Fabiano, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy to S. S. Grossel (November 26, 1999). 

Italian cities of Genoa and Parma are lighted by kerosine from an oil well in Modena. 

Stanis la o Ca n n izza ro (1826-1910) was born in Palermo, Sicily, the son of the chief of police. He studied at the University of Pisa under Rafaelle Piria and also worked in Peris with Michei-Eugene Chevreul. As a youth, he took part in the Sicilian revolution of 1848 and was at one point condemned to death. He was professor of chemistry at the universities of Genoa, Palermo, and Rome and is best known for being the first to clarify the distinction between atoms and molecules. 

Giulio Natta (1903-1979) was born in Imperia, near Genoa, Italy, and received his Ph.D. in chemical engineering at Milan Polytechnic in 1924. After holding positions at the universities of Pavia, Rome, and Turin, he returned to Milan in 1938 as professor of industrial chemistry. For his work on developing methods of polymer synthesis, he shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Karl Ziegler. 

Stanislao Cannizzaro, professor of chemistry at f the University of Genoa. At a conference held in I Karlsruhe in 1860, he persuaded the chemistry community of the validity of Avogadro s law and showed how it could be used to determine molar and atomic masses, i The quantity now called "Avogadro s number (6.02 x 10 /mol) was first estimated in = 1865, nine years after Avogadro died. Not until... 

CLAUDIO NICOLINI, V. EROKHIN, and M. K. RAM University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy... 

The choice of alkali was more difficult. In Leblanc s time, the alkali was generally a carbonate (C03) or hydroxide (OH) of potassium or sodium extracted from the ashes of salt-rich plants. For example, northerners made an odoriferous soft soap by burning wood and boiling its ashes with animal fat or fish oil. In Spain, Marseilles, Genoa, and Venice, hard Castile soap was made by boiling olive oil with the ashes of seaweed and shore plants. 

LTD-10 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors, Genoa, Italy, luly 7-11 2003, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, vol. 520, Issue 1-3, Elsevier (2004)... 

The two authors of the book, Prof. Ferro and Saccone, had been close scientific collaborators for many years. I first came to know them when, in the early 1990s, I was advised to invite them to contribute a chapter on intermetallic compounds to the fourth edition of my Physical Metallurgy, which duly appeared in 1996. Since then I have come to appreciate fully the remarkable team of solid-state chemists built up in Genoa by Prof. Ferro and Saccone. Their approach to the borderlands of crystal chemistry and metallurgy is unique and very impressive. This book, Intermetallic Chemistry, which has been several years in preparation, encapsulates their joint approach, and I regard its publication as a fitting memorial to a truly remarkable man. 

We are developing an expert system to automate the first step of this process, the interpretation of molecular spectra and identification of substructures present in the molecule. The automatic interpretation of spectra would by itself provide a useful tool for an organic chemist who may not be an expert spectroscopist. Also, reported algorithms for the assembly of candidate structures from known substructures, such as the GENOA program. (3-6) rely on the input of accurate and specific substructures in order to function correctly and efficiently. Identification of substructures is thus a logical starting point. 

Professor Natta was also a honorary member of many academies (including the New York Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of URSS, and the Academic des Sciences de I lnstitut de France) and chemical societies (including the Belgian Chemical Society, the Swiss Chemical Society, and the French Chemical Society). He also received the laurea honoris causa from the University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium, the University of Turin, Turin, Italy, and the University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. 

Tanker Haven Mediterranean Sea, near Genoa, Italy 1991 April 11 144,000... 

Biotoxins, mainly of the spirolide family, have been principally monitored in shellfish samples. Reported toxin levels vary from 2-585 ng/g [206] to 11-7,950 ng/g [205] in shellfish from France and Italy, respectively, whereas reported values for Spanish mussels were in the range of 13-20 ng/g [82]. This study employed the use of different MS modes of operation, enhanced MS (EMS) and MS3 experiments in order to confirm the first occurrence of spirolides in Spanish shellfish. Okadaic acids were the principal toxin contaminants found in shellfish samples from Galicia, Spain, with levels reaching 2,012 ng/g [204]. Putative palytoxin was for the first time detected in Italian waters at levels of 1,350 ng for plankton pellet) and 1,950 ng for butanol extract thus, it was suggested to be the causative agent responsible for the Genoa 2005 outbreak showing respiratory Ulness in people exposed to marine aerosols [31]. 

In 1860 Cannizzaro, now teaching at the University of Genoa, heard that rebellion had again broken out in Sicily. He traveled there to participate but this time he arrived too late. The red shirts led by Guiseppe Garibaldi had already freed Sicily. It was at about this time that Cannizzarro received an invitation to attend the conference at Karlsruhe. Because there was no revolution to become involved in, he accepted at once. 

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