C-fos gene

Second, although typical neuroleptics produce depolarisation block of both A9 and AlO neurons, the atypical neuroleptics only induce it in AlO neurons (Chiodi and Bunney 1983). So after an atypical neuroleptic the A9 neurons of the nigrostriatal tract remain functional, which would explain why EPSs are not seen. Another difference is seen with the expression of an immediate-early gene, c-fos, and although its functional significance is not clear, typical neuroleptics induce its protein production in both the striatum and nucleus accumbens while the atypicals only achieve it in the accumbens. 

Measuring the expression of the early-immediate gene c-fos supports the striatal role of neuroleptics in the induction of EPSs because although all neuroleptics induce such expression in both the nucleus accumbens and striatum, the atypical neuroleptics do so more in the accumbens while clozapine, but not risperidone, also achieve it in the prefrontal cortex (Robertson, Matsumura and Fibiger 1994). How this arises is uncertain but since risperidone is a more potent 5-HT2 antagonist than clozapine, it cannot be through that mechanism. 

Osteoblasts subjected to fluid shear increase expression of the early response gene, c-fos, and the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, two proteins linked to anabolic response of bone to mechanical stimulation. Flow-induced responses in osteoblasts are mediated by inositol triphosphate intracellular calcium release. Flow-mediated stress is reported to induce both PGE2 and NO production. Fluid shear stress stimulates NO release by two distinct pathways a G-protein and calcium-dependent phase sensitive to flow gradients, and a G-protein and calcium-independent pathway stimulated by sustained flow. 

Lipid signals therefore appear to be transmitted by a peripheral nerve route known to be involved in the transfer of gustatory information to the brain. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the brainstem is the first synaptic relay in the nervous gustatory cascade. Immunohistochemical detection of Fos, the protein encoded by the immediate early gene c-fos, has been successfully used to identify populations of neurons activated by LCFA in the NST (Gaillard et al. 2008). In mice, oral linoleic acid deposition triggers the activation of NST areas known to receive CT and... 

Reig, J.A., Soria, B. and Prentki, M. (1999) Palmitate and oleate induce the immediate-early response genes c-fos and nur-77 in the pancreatic (5-cell line INS-1. Diabetes, 48, 2007—2014. 

Roach Tl, Barton CH, Chatteijee D, Blackwell JM. Macrophage activation lipoara-binomannan from avirulent and virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis differentially induces the early genes c-fos, KC, JE, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1993 150 1886-1896. 

Borisova, N.P., Kostyuk, G.V., Shevchenko, N.A. et al. (2003) Functional association of immediate early gene c-fos with nuclear matrix. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 135 (2), 167-170. 

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