Immediate early response genes

The events following the activation of Ras ultimately led to the activation of MAP kinase, followed by activation of expression of immediate-early response genes. Activation of MAP kinase requires two intermediate steps, both of which involve a phosphorylation (Figure 8.5). The immediate activator of MAP kinase is MAP-kinase-kinase (also called MAP kinase-ERK kinase, or MEK), a most unusual enzyme that phosphorylates MAP kinase on both a threonine (T) and a tyrosine (Y) residue. These are in the target-sequence seven residues (LTEYVATRWYRAPE) (Table 8.1)... 

Sellmayer, A., Uedelhoven, W.M., Weher, P.C., and Bonventre, J.V. (1991). Endogenous non-cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid modulate growth and mRNA levels of immediate-early response genes in rat mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 266, 3800-7. 

Reig, J.A., Soria, B. and Prentki, M. (1999) Palmitate and oleate induce the immediate-early response genes c-fos and nur-77 in the pancreatic (5-cell line INS-1. Diabetes, 48, 2007—2014. 

In Ml myeloblastic leukemia cells, the addition of either LIF or IL-6 induces the immediate early response genes jun-B, c-jun, jun-D, ICAM and MyD (i (myeloid differentiation primary response). On the other hand, My788 mRNA in Ml... 

The immediate early response genes activated by CNTF, similar to those activated by IL-6 (Lord et al., 1991 Nakajima and Wall, 1991), include c-fos, c-jun, and tis-l 1 (Squinto et al., 1990 Ip et al., 1992b). It has been suggested that protein kinase C is required for the stimulation by CNTF of a cholinergic phenotype in sympathetic neurons (Kalberg et al., 1993), although the protein kinase inhibitor H7 does not block the ability of CNTF to induce tis-l 1 in MAH cells (Ip et al., 1992b). 

Temporally, we divide the biological responses to DNA damage into three stages the immediate early responses, which most likely occur without the requirement for new gene expression the early responses and the late responses, which are mostly irreversible (Fig. IB). 

The immediate early gene product c-Fos (cellular feline osteosarcoma) has widely been used as a useful marker of neuronal activation. Fos, the protein encoded by the c-fos gene, is a transcription factor that triggers transcription in a cascade of cellular responses. To determine which neuron groups are involved in the response to PGD2 and/or adenosine, especially A2aR agonists, we examined Fos-immunoreactivity under these conditions (Scammell et al., 1998, 2001 Satoh et al., 1999). 

Thomson S, Clayton AL, Hazzalin CA, Rose S, Barratt MJ, Mahadevan LC (1999) The nucleosomal response associated with immediate-early gene induction is mediated via alternative MAP kinase cascades MSKl as a potential histone H3/HMG-14 kinase. Embo J 18(17) 4779-4793 Trivier E, De Cesare D, Jacquot S, Pannetier S, Zackai E, Young I, Mandel JL, Sassone-Corsi P, Hanauer A (1996) Mutations in the kinase Rsk-2 associated with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Nature 384(6609) 567-570... 

---