Early genes

Pig. 3. Representation of promoter sites on the pro-enkephalin gene. The numbers represent the distance in nucleotides from the pro-enkephalin initiation codon the arrow indicates the direction of transcription. The TATA promoter box occurs immediately before the pro-enkephalin initiation site the AP-2 site, which binds immediate-early gene products, is 70 nucleotides upstream, and the CRE site, which binds a regulatory protein involved in cAMP induction of mRNA synthesis, is 107 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon. The expanded section shows that the CRE site actually consists of two elements, ENKCRE-1 and ENKCRE-2, which separately confer cAMP sensitivity to pro-enkephalin mRNA synthesis. 

Immediate early genes, e.g., c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, are the first genes whose expression is induced in cells after a growth stimulus. They encode transcription factors and induce the expression of other growth-related genes. 

Imidazoline Receptor Immediate Early Genes Immune Complexes Immune Defense Immune System Immunity... 

Second, although typical neuroleptics produce depolarisation block of both A9 and AlO neurons, the atypical neuroleptics only induce it in AlO neurons (Chiodi and Bunney 1983). So after an atypical neuroleptic the A9 neurons of the nigrostriatal tract remain functional, which would explain why EPSs are not seen. Another difference is seen with the expression of an immediate-early gene, c-fos, and although its functional significance is not clear, typical neuroleptics induce its protein production in both the striatum and nucleus accumbens while the atypicals only achieve it in the accumbens. 

Brennan P., Schellinck H. and Keverne E.B. (1999). Patterns of expression of the immediate-early gene egr-1 in the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice exposed to pheromonal constituents of male urine. Neurosci 90, 1463-1470. 

Hughes, P. Dragunow, M. (1995). Induction of immediate-early genes and the control of neurotransmitter-regulated gene expression within the nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 47, 133-78. 

The immediate early gene product c-Fos (cellular feline osteosarcoma) has widely been used as a useful marker of neuronal activation. Fos, the protein encoded by the c-fos gene, is a transcription factor that triggers transcription in a cascade of cellular responses. To determine which neuron groups are involved in the response to PGD2 and/or adenosine, especially A2aR agonists, we examined Fos-immunoreactivity under these conditions (Scammell et al., 1998, 2001 Satoh et al., 1999). 

Kodama, M., Akiyama, K., Ujike, H. et al. A robust increase in expression of arc gene, an effector immediate early gene, in the rat brain after acute and chronic methamphetamine administration. Brain Res. 796 273, 1998. 

Lytic growth of Mu can occur either upon initial infection, if the c gene repressor is not formed, or by induction of a lysogen. In either case, replication of Mu DNA involves repeated transposition of Mu to multiple sites on the host genome. Initially, transcription of only the early genes of Mu occurs, but after gene C protein, a positive activator of late RNA synthesis, is expressed, the synthesis of the Mu head and tail proteins occurs. Eventually, expression of the lytic function occurs and mature phage particles are released. 

M. Eigen suggested that the primeval forms of tRNA consisted of iterative PurXPyr, thus, for example, GXC triplets. This assumption is present in the title of the publication Transfer-RNA, ein friihes Gen (Transfer RNA, an early gene ) (Eigen and Winkler-Oswatitsch, 1981). As shown above, a nucleotide chain with a repeating pattern naturally leads to the generation of a complementary antiparallel nucleotide sequence ... 

Holden PR et al. Immediate-early gene expression during regenerative and mitogen-induced liver growth in the rat. J Biochem Toxicol 1998 12 79-82. 

Effects of Mood Stabilizers on Immediate Early Genes... 

ERGs and Differential Gene Regulation Signals Pathways Early Gene Response... 

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