Generation of light hydrocarbons

Generation of Light Hydrocarbons and Establishment of Normal Paraffin Preferences in Crude Oils... 

Figure 3. Generation of light hydrocarbons with depth in Beaufort Basin, N.W.T. Canada (based on a representative gas-cuttings log)...

Oxidative pyrolysis of light hydrocarbons to acetylene is conducted in a special burner, at 0.001- to 0.01-s reaction time, peak at 1400°C (2552°F), followed by rapid quenching with oil or water. A portion of a combustible reactant is burned by adding a small amount of air or oxygen to generate the reaction temperatures needed. 

Because the surfactants described previously were selected for hydrocarbon-miscible flooding, the effect of hydrocarbon solvent on foam performance should be included in the surfactant screening process. Data on the characteristics of foams generated with light hydrocarbons as the gas phase are not readily available in the literature. Limited data comparing nitrogen foams with hydrocarbon solvent foams are shown in Table... 

In each zone, the temperature determines the mechanism of heat exchange and of crude oil displacement from the bed. Thus, in the steam and hot water zones, the oil is displaced From the formation by the steam and hot water in the zone of light hydrocarbons, by the nascent miscible liquids and Anally, in the still unheated zone, by the gases generated in the process itself and acting on the crude oil at normal formation temperature. 

Abstract—The abiUty to distinguish crude oils generated from prolific Silurian and Devonian source rocks provides a means to map their petroleum systems and thereby reduce exploration risk in North Africa. Routine geochemical analyses commonly fail to reliably separate these oils. This study demonstrates that non-routine analyses, such as compound-specific isotopes of light hydrocarbons and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of diamondoids, can distinguish Silurian from Devonian oils in Algeria. 

The key mechanistic step in the reaction is the formation of the first C-C bond. Compelling evidence that this proceeds via organic species held within the pores has been obtained by the group of Haw through the use of in situ pulse quench MAS NMR. They have shown that the generation of light alkenes only occurs once a hydrocarbon pool of polymethylated benzenes or cyclic carbenium ions is established within the pores (Scheme 8.12). 

Currently, almost all acetic acid produced commercially comes from acetaldehyde oxidation, methanol or methyl acetate carbonylation, or light hydrocarbon Hquid-phase oxidation. Comparatively small amounts are generated by butane Hquid-phase oxidation, direct ethanol oxidation, and synthesis gas. Large amounts of acetic acid are recycled industrially in the production of cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and aspirin and in a broad array of other... 

Secunda discharges no process water effluents. AU. water streams produced are cleaned and reused in the plant. The methane and light hydrocarbons in the product are reformed with steam to generate synthesis gas for recycle (14). Even at this large scale, the cost of producing fuels and chemicals by the Fischer-Tropsch process is dominated by the cost of synthesis gas production. Sasol has estimated that gas production accounts for 58% of total production costs (39). 

---