General Literature Sources

James L. and Virginia L. Marshall of the University of North Texas, USA give a different treatment of the elements and their discovery. They have visited different places in which discoveries of the elements were made. In a series of descriptions, Rediscovery of the elements they give an historical and scientific background of great importance. Two examples are mentioned in refs [1.7] and [17.15] (in Chapter 17). In a CD [1.8] James L. Marshall takes us on a Walking Tour of the Elements. 

---

It is attempted to present easily comprehensible plain text with minimum equations. Number of figures is limited just to exemplify the backgrounds of the written information The recoimnendations of general literature sources like the reviews and books are preferred over citations of specific publications. On the other hand, a tribnte is paid to the scientists who stood at the cradle of methods discussed in this chapter and their inceptive, introductoiy works are quoted. Representation of applications of particnlar procedures is restricted to a few typical examples. The aim is mainly to illnstrate the principles of methods. Nnmerous cross references among sections are introduced to facilitate readability of chapter. 

It is important to understand that this material will not be presented in a theoretical vacuum. Instead, it will be presented in a particular context, consistent with the majority of the author s experience, namely the development of calibrations in an industrial setting. We will focus on working with the types of data, noise, nonlinearities, and other sources of error, as well as the requirements for accuracy, reliability, and robustness typically encountered in industrial analytical laboratories and process analyzers. Since some of the advantages, tradeoffs, and limitations of these methods can be data and/or application dependent, the guidance In this book may sometimes differ from the guidance offered in the general literature. 

Radiopharmaceuticals have one of two general functions (1) they may be used to detect or image biological problems such as tumors and (2) they may be used to treat an illness. Which type of radiation (a, p, or y) would be the most suitable for (a) detection and (b) therapy Justify your selections, (c) From standard literature sources, find at least two radionuclides that have been used for imaging body tissues, (d) What are the half-lives of these radionuclides ... 

Tertiary publications, as described by Sewell [52] in Guide to Drug Information, are those publications that are the furthest removed from the literature of original research. The tertiary literature is a distillation and evaluation of data and information first presented in such primary literature sources as research reports, meeting presentations, and journal articles. Being furthest removed from the primary report, the tertiary literature characteristically is the least current and the most vulnerable to misinterpretations, biases, and inaccuracies. But just as characteristic, the tertiary literature is the most accessible, easiest to use, and perhaps the most used of all information resources. Information searches generally start with a perusal of... 

Because the area, volume, or mass treated was not consistently available for the 28 bioremediation projects, no unit costs were estimated. The cost per volume of subsurface treated was reported in one literature source33 as ranging from approximately USD222 to USD432/m3 (USD170-USD330/yd3) for in situ bioremediation in general. This source also reported unit costs for ex situ... 

A recent literature survey revealed >3,000 piperazine substructure containing compounds accessed by isocyanide-based MCRs. Many of these piperazines are of commercial interest and therefore are described in patents as a primary literature source. Moreover, 430,000 piperazine derivatives are commercially available (according to a substructure search in eMolecules) [1]. Inspecting the general scaffold types in the database of the commercially available piperazine derivatives, it can be speculated that a considerable fraction of them were made by MCR technology. Some examples of piperazine derivatives via isocyanide-based MCRs from patent literature are listed in Table 1. 

The chemometrics community has done an excellent job of providing frequent general literature reviews and application-specific reviews that provide excellent sources of information on past trends and allow one to make extrapolation to areas of future growth. The most important regular series of reviews are the Fundamental Reviews... 

The electrochemistry of lithium has had excellent coverage in the literature of modern electrochemistry. In this section, we provide examples of literature sources for Li electrochemistry. An important source of information on Li electrochemistry and Li batteries in general are the proceedings volumes of annual or biannual international symposia and conferences on Li batteries. A partial list of these seminars follows. 

References cited at the end of each experiment and each of the general chapters have been updated. In cases where no new literature source could be found that covers a given topic as well as the source cited in the seventh edition, the original citation has been retained, since most libraries have available copies of older books and monographs. 

These illustrations show some of the types of inquiries a consulting chemist may have to answer. They suggest that the consultant needs to be informed not only on how to make general literature searches, but also on sources and methods of securing practical information. 

A variety of literature sources that discuss simulated lung fluids (SLFs) imply that the aqueous component of lung fluid is an electrolyte fluid generally similar in composition to that of interstitial fluid with pH near 7.4 (Table 4). Redox conditions in the lung fluids are not readily available from the literature. It is unclear which organic redox couples are active in the pulmonary fluids, and how these may drive redox equilibria to lower Eh values than those in equilibrium with the 0.132 atm PO2 present in the alveoli. 

Following are the major rules required to name the compounds in this text and those found in the general literature. Reference to more complete sources may be needed to determine the names of other compounds. 

In this section some general points about the area are made and previous major literature sources, including books and review articles dealing with all three elements are listed. Reviews dealing with only one element or particular ligand types are referred to in the appropriate sections below. 

When two dissimilar plastic foams are to be joined, which is rarely done, adhesive bonding is generally preferable because of solvent and polymer incompatibility problems. Solvents used to cement plastics should be chosen with approximately the same solubility parameter (5) as the plastic to be bonded. The solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density (CED) of the liquid solvent or polymer. CEDs of organic chemicals are primarily derived from the heat of vaporization and molecular volume of the molecules, and are expressed as calories per cubic centimeter (cal/cm ). Literature sources provide data on 6 s of a number of plastics and resins (2) (3) (4). 

---